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Plant extract-mediated synthesis of Ag/Ag2O nanoparticles using Olea europaea leaf extract: assessing antioxidant, antibacterial, and toxicological properties

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Abstract

Plant extract-mediated synthesis has the advantage of being simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. In this study, we synthesized silver/silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag/Ag2O NPs) using an aqueous Olea Europaea leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The Ag/Ag2O NPs were synthesized and the plant extract was processed using only pure water, without the use of any harmful reagents or organic solvents. The synthesized Ag/Ag2O NPs exhibited a spherical morphology with a particle size of 45 nm, and an average crystallite size of 24 nm for the Ag phase and 26 nm for the Ag2O phase. The optical band gap energy of the Ag/Ag2O NPs was calculated to be 2.23 eV. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the Ag/Ag2O NPs were then investigated. The Ag/Ag2O NPs exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (E.coli), Staphylococcus aureus (Sa), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) at concentrations of 50–200 μg/mL, with the highest activity observed at a concentration of 200 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, Ag/Ag2O NPs at a concentration of 2.5 mg/kg body weight during a 28-day study in adult male rats (10–11 weeks old) showed remarkable antioxidant activity and no acute toxicity when administered at different doses of Ag/Ag2O NPs (2.5 and 5 mg/kg body weight). The most effective antioxidant exhibited an IC50 value of 7.043 ± 1.352 µg/ml, a FRAP value of 445.34 ± 7.90 mg E FeSO4/g NPs, and a TAC value of 67.72 ± 2.38 mg E GA/g NPs, indicating it’s ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Accordingly, the developed Ag/Ag2O NPs can be used as chemotherapeutic drug carriers for antioxidant and antibacterial applications.

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Funding

The authors, Prof. Ahmed Barhoum and Prof. Ali Alsalme, would like to acknowledge the support received from the Egypt–France Joint Program (Imhotep, Project No. 43990SF, 2020-2022), Joint Egyptian Japanese Scientific Cooperation (JEJSC, Project No. 42811) and the Researchers Supporting Project (RSP-2023R78) at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biology, Environment and Health, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of El Oued, 39000, El Oued, Algeria

    Manel Azzi, Ifriqya Medila & Ikram Toumi

  2. Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of El Oued, 39000, El Oued, Algeria

    Manel Azzi, Ifriqya Medila & Ikram Toumi

  3. Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, 39000, El Oued, Algeria

    Salah Eddine Laouini, Abderrhmane Bouafia, Gamil Gamal Hasan & Hamdi Ali Mohammed

  4. Laboratory of Biotechnology Biomaterials and Condensed Matter, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, 39000, El Oued, Algeria

    Salah Eddine Laouini, Abderrhmane Bouafia, Gamil Gamal Hasan & Hamdi Ali Mohammed

  5. Water Research and Technology Center, University of Carthage, P.O. Box 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia

    Sonia Mokni

  6. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ali Alsalme

  7. NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt

    Ahmed Barhoum

  8. Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), UMR 5635, Univ. Montpellier,, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France

    Ahmed Barhoum

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  1. Manel Azzi
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Contributions

Conceptualization, M.A., I.M., I.T., A.BOUAFIA., G.G.H., H.A.M., S.M., S.E.L., A.B.; methodology, M.A., I.M., I.T., A.BOUAFIA., G.G.H., H.A.M., S.M., S.E.L., A.B.; validation, M.A., I.M., I.T., A.BOUAFIA., G.G.H., H.A.M., S.M., S.E.L., A.B.; investigation, M.A., I.M., I.T., A.BOUAFIA., G.G.H., H.A.M., S.M., S.E.L., A.B.; resources, M.A., I.M., I.T., A.BOUAFIA., G.G.H., H.A.M., S.M., S.E.L., A.A., A.B.; data curation, M.A., I.M., I.T., A.BOUAFIA., G.G.H., H.A.M., S.M., S.E.L., A.B.; writing—original draft preparation, M.A., I.M., I.T., A.BOUAFIA., G.G.H., H.A.M., S.M., S.E.L., A.B.; writing—review and editing, M.A., I.M., I.T., A.BOUAFIA., G.G.H., H.A.M., S.M., S.E.L., A.A., A.B.; supervision, M.A., I.M., I.T., A.BOUAFIA., G.G.H., H.A.M., S.M., S.E.L., A.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ahmed Barhoum.

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Azzi, M., Medila, I., Toumi, I. et al. Plant extract-mediated synthesis of Ag/Ag2O nanoparticles using Olea europaea leaf extract: assessing antioxidant, antibacterial, and toxicological properties. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-05093-w

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