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Enhancing palm oil mill effluent treatment through initial granulation of fruit and vegetable eco-enzymes

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Abstract

The palm oil industry has contributed substantially to environmental pollution due to the large volume of oil extraction by-products known as palm oil mill effluents (POME). Compared to several industrial effluents, POME is about 100 times more contaminated in terms of biochemical and chemical oxygen demand. Aerobic granular sludge technology is considered a more effective method for treating POME than traditional activated sludge systems. Nonetheless, the lengthy start-up phase of the granulation process is a significant disadvantage of this method. In this study, eco-eco-enzymes, a multifunctional liquid with high enzymatic activity, was tested to potentially accelerate the initial growth of granules. The study utilized a 5-set of 1-L bioreactors operated simultaneously, and samples were taken every 5 h for granulation and removal performance analysis. The results showed that the Spinach eco-enzyme had the highest potential to enhance initial granulation, with the highest surface hydrophobicity (52.6%), aggregation (80.7%), and settling performance (54.03 mL/g SS SVI) compared to banana, orange, and mango. Additionally, the Spinach eco-enzyme was the most efficient in removing total phosphorus, total ammonia nitrogen, and chemical oxygen demand (COD), with an 80%, 91.4%, and 70.4% respectively. These findings suggest that eco-enzymes, particularly the Spinach eco-enzyme, have the potential to act as a secondary treatment for treating POME with excellent initial granulation performance compared to banana, orange and mango eco-enzyme.

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The data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Kindly contact the corresponding author for the provision of the data set used in this paper.

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Funding

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for the UTM Encouragement Research Grant through research grant number: Q.J130000.3851.20J61.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310, Johor, Malaysia

    Hazlami Fikri Basri, Khalida Muda, Armstrong Ighodalo Omoregie & Yong Ee Ling

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All authors contributed to manuscript revision and read and approved the submitted version. Hazlami Fikri Basri: conceptualization data accusation, methodology, software analysis, first to final draft writing; Armstrong Ighodalo Omoregie, Khalida Muda, and Yong Ee Ling: validation, review, and editing and software analysis.

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Correspondence to Hazlami Fikri Basri.

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Basri, H.F., Muda, K., Omoregie, A.I. et al. Enhancing palm oil mill effluent treatment through initial granulation of fruit and vegetable eco-enzymes. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04668-x

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