Abstract
Geraniol is a crucial component in the leaves of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini) and it has a wide range of biological properties and applications. A brand-new concept of hydrotrope-assisted extraction is proposed for the isolation of geraniol using different techniques such as microwave technology (MAHE), hydro distillation (HAHD), and ultrasound technology (UAHE) in this study. A solubility test was carried out between two different hydrotropes such as sodium salicylate and resorcinol to find out the better hydrotrope for the extraction. At 40% (w/v), sodium salicylate has higher solubility (3.74% (w/v)) than resorcinol. Response surface methodology (RSM) was performed for all techniques to optimize the process parameters by varying the volume of hydrotrope solution from 300 to 600 mL and extraction time from 5 to 25 min. A maximum yield of 2.47% (w/w) was obtained during the UAHE process under the optimized condition of 5 min sonication time, 600 mL volume of 0.42 M of sodium salicylate and 120 W ultrasound power. The geraniol content was identified by using gas chromatogram and found to be 0.31% in 10 mL of sample obtained from UAHE technique. Therefore, the ultrasound-assisted hydrotrope technique has highly recommended to sustainable development for large-scale application.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kandeepan C, Kalaimathi RV, Jeevalatha A, Basha AN, Ramya S, Jayakumararaj R (2021) In-silico ADMET pharmacoinformatics of geraniol (3, 7-dimethylocta-trans-2, 6-dien-1-ol)-acyclic monoterpene alcohol drug from leaf essential oil of Cymbopogon martinii from Sirumalai Hills (Eastern Ghats), INDIA. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11(4-S):109–118
Lal RK, Chandra R, Ram M, Ram D, Yadav A, Shanker H et al (2010) Registration of high oil yielding variety “Cimap Harsh” of palmarosa {Cymbopogon martinii Roxb.(Wats.) var. Motia}. Plant Sci 32(2):148–149
Wany A, Jha S, Nigam VK, Pandey DM (2013) Chemical analysis and therapeutic uses of citronella oil from Cymbopogon winterianus: a short review. Int J Adv Res 1(6):504–521
Choudhri HS, Verma DK, Bhise RN, Sharma RS, Srivastava RK, Kumar S (2022) Export performance of palmarosa oil in India: a growth and instability analysis. Econ Aff 67(2):43–48
Bahl JR, Singh AK, Lal RK, Gupta AK (2018) High-yielding improved varieties of medicinal and aromatic crops for enhanced income. In: New age herbals. Springer, Singapore, pp 247–265
Thakker MR, Parikh JK, Desai MA (2016a) Isolation of essential oil from the leaves of Cymbopogon martinii using hydrodistillation: effect on yield of essential oil, yield of geraniol and antimicrobial activity. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 19(8):1943–1956
Smitha GR, Rana VS (2015) Variations in essential oil yield, geraniol and geranyl acetate contents in palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii, Roxb. Wats. var. motia) influenced by inflorescence development. Ind Crop Prod 66:150–160
Mączka W, Wińska K, Grabarczyk M (2020) One hundred faces of geraniol. Molecules 25(14):3303
Gupta AK, Ganjewala D (2015) A study on development changes in essential oil content and composition in Cymbopogon flexuosus cultivar Suvarna. Acta Biologica Szegediensis 59(2):119–125
Chen W, Viljoen AM (2010) Geraniol—a review of a commercially important fragrance material. S Afr J Bot 76(4):643–651
Cannon JB, Cantrell CL, Astatkie T, Zheljazkov VD (2013) Modification of yield and composition of essential oils by distillation time. Ind Crop Prod 41:214–220
Ganjewala D, Luthra R (2009) ‘Geranyl acetate esterase controls and regulates the level of geraniol in lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Nees ex Steud.) mutant cv’. GRL-1 leaves. Z Naturforsch C. 64 (3–4):251–259
Kakaraparthi PS, Srinivas KVNS, Kumar JK, Kumar AN, Rajput DK, Anubala S (2015) Changes in the essential oil content and composition of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini) harvested at different stages and short intervals in two different seasons. Ind Crop Prod 69:348–354
Sharmeen JB, Mahomoodally FM, Zengin G, Maggi F (2021) Essential oils as natural sources of fragrance compounds for cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Molecules 26(3):666
Dhifi W, Bellili S, Jazi S, Bahloul N, Mnif W (2016) Essential oils’ chemical characterization and investigation of some biological activities: a critical review. Medicines 3(4):25
Lira MHPD, Andrade Júnior FPD, Moraes GFQ, Macena GDS, Pereira FDO, Lima IO (2020) Antimicrobial activity of geraniol: an integrative review. J Essent Oil Res 32(3):187–197
Rao BR, Kaul PN, Syamasundar KV, Ramesh S (2005) Chemical profiles of primary and secondary essential oils of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia Burk.). Ind Crop Prod 21(1):121–127
Wany A, Kumar A, Nallapeta S, Jha S, Nigam VK, Pandey DM (2014) Extraction and characterization of essential oil components based on geraniol and citronellol from Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt). Plant Growth Regul 73:133–145
Eisenacher M, Beschnitt S, Holderich W (2012) (2012) ‘Novel route to a fruitful mixture of terpene fragrances in particular phellandrene starting from natural feedstock geraniol using weak acidic boron-based catalyst’. Catal Commun 26:214–217
Khadka P, Ro J, Kim H, Kim I, Kim JT, Kim H et al (2014) Pharmaceutical particle technologies: an approach to improve drug solubility, dissolution and bioavailability. Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences 9(6):304–316
Paul R, Chattaraj KG, Paul S (2021) Role of hydrotropes in sparingly soluble drug solubilization: insight from a molecular dynamics simulation and experimental perspectives. Langmuir 37(16):4745–4762
Dhapte V, Mehta P (2015) Advances in hydrotropic solutions: an updated review. St Petersburg Polytechnical University Journal: Physics and Mathematics 1(4):424–435
Kamat S, Indi Y, Kumbhar A, Kamble S (2022) An aqueous hydrotropic solution as environmentally benign reaction medium for organic transformations: a short review. Res Chem Intermed:1–23
Kalyani G, Bhuvaneswari P, Hemalatha B, Padmalatha K (2022) Hydrotropy: a promising tool for solubility enhancement. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 12(2):146–150
Abranches DO, Benfica J, Soares BP, Leal-Duaso A, Sintra TE, Pires E et al (2020) Unveiling the mechanism of hydrotropy: evidence for water-mediated aggregation of hydrotropes around the solute. Chem Commun 56(52):7143–7146
Narayanan M, Baskaran D, Sampath V (2022) Experimental design of hydrotropic extraction for recovery of bioactive limonin from lemon (Citrus limon L.) seeds. Sep Sci Technol 57(5):707–718
Patel AD, Desai MA (2022) Progress in the field of hydrotropy: mechanism, applications and green concepts. Rev Chem Eng
Mazaud A, Lebeuf R, Laguerre M, Nardello-Rataj V (2022) Improved hydrotropic extraction of carnosic acid from rosemary and sage with short-chain monoalkyl glycerol ethers. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 10(11):3673–3681
Lebeuf R, Mazaud A, Nardello-Rataj V (2021) Hydrotropic cloud point extraction of lipids from microalgae: a new pathway for biofuels production. Energy Fuel 35(24):20151–20159
Jain PL, Patel SR, Desai MA (2020) Enrichment of patchouli alcohol in patchouli oil by aiding sonication in hydrotropic extraction. Ind Crop Prod 158:113011
Mahato N, Sinha M, Sharma K, Koteswararao R, Cho MH (2019) Modern extraction and purification techniques for obtaining high purity food-grade bioactive compounds and value-added co-products from citrus wastes. Foods 8(11):523
Thakker MR, Parikh JK, Desai MA (2018a) Ultrasound assisted hydrotropic extraction: a greener approach for the isolation of geraniol from the leaves of Cymbopogon martinii. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6(3):3215–3224
Thakker MR, Parikh JK, Desai MA (2018b) Synergism between ionic liquid and ultrasound for greener extraction of geraniol: optimization using different statistical tools, comparison and prediction. Chem Eng Res Des 134:162–171
Radoiu M, Kaur H, Bakowska-Barczak A, Splinter S (2020) Microwave-assisted industrial scale cannabis extraction. Technologies 8(3):45
Vernes L, Abert-Vian M, El Maâtaoui M, Tao Y, Bornard I, Chemat F (2019) Application of ultrasound for green extraction of proteins from spirulina. Mechanism, optimization, modeling, and industrial prospects. Ultrason Sonochem 54:48–60
Thakker MR, Parikh JK, Desai MA (2016b) Microwave assisted extraction of essential oil from the leaves of palmarosa: multi-response optimization and predictive modelling. Ind Crop Prod 86:311–319
Baskaran D, Chinnappan K, Manivasagan R, Mahadevan DK (2018) Partitioning of crude protein from aqua waste using PEG 600-inorganic salt Aqueous two-phase systems. Chemical Data Collections 15:143–152
Blidi S, Bikaki M, Grigorakis S, Loupassaki S, Makris DP (2015) A comparative evaluation of bio-solvents for the efficient extraction of polyphenolic phytochemicals: apple waste peels as a case study. Waste and Biomass Valorization 6(6):1125–1133
Reynolds JG, Graham TR, Pearce CI (2022) Extending Zavitsas’ hydration model to the thermodynamics of solute mixtures in water. J Mol Liq 347:118309
Sales I, Abranches DO, Sintra TE, Mattedi S, Freire MG, Coutinho JA, Pinho SP (2022) Selection of hydrotropes for enhancing the solubility of artemisinin in aqueous solutions. Fluid Phase Equilib 562:113556
Kuchekar AB, Gawade A, Boldhane S (2021) Hydrotropic solubilization: an emerging approach. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11(1-s):200–206
Bustamante J, van Stempvoort S, García-Gallarreta M, Houghton JA, Briers HK, Budarin VL et al (2016) Microwave assisted hydro-distillation of essential oils from wet citrus peel waste. J Clean Prod 137:598–605
Kumar SJ, Garlapati VK, Gujjala LKS, Banerjee R (2021) Technologies for oil extraction from oilseeds and oleaginous microbes. In: Three Phase Partitioning. Elsevier, pp 243–266
Mikulski D, Kłosowski G (2022) Delignification efficiency of various types of biomass using microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment. Sci Rep 12(1):1–12
Dawid M, Grzegorz K (2021) Microwave-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment as a new and highly efficient way to cellulosic ethanol production from maize distillery stillage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 105(8):3381–3392
Gavahian M, Chu YH, Mousavi Khaneghah A (2019) Recent advances in orange oil extraction: an opportunity for the valorisation of orange peel waste a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 54(4):925–932
Jadhav D, Rekha BN, Gogate PR, Rathod VK (2009) Extraction of vanillin from vanilla pods: a comparison study of conventional soxhlet and ultrasound assisted extraction. J Food Eng 93(4):421–426
Sovová H, Aleksovski SA (2006) Mathematical model for hydrodistillation of essential oils. Flavour and fragrance journal 21(6):881–889
Parikh, Jigisha K; Desai, Meghal A (2011). Hydro distillation of essential oil from Cymbopogon flexuosus. Int J Food Eng, 7(1), 195 – 199.
Chemat F, Khan MK (2011) Applications of ultrasound in food technology: processing, preservation and extraction. Ultrason Sonochem 18(4):813–835
Hamidi H, Haddad AS, Otumudia EW, Rafati R, Mohammadian E, Azdarpour A et al (2021) Recent applications of ultrasonic waves in improved oil recovery: a review of techniques and results. Ultrasonics 110:106288
Tiwari BK (2015) Ultrasound: a clean, green extraction technology. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 71:100–109
Ghule SN, Desai MA (2021) Intensified extraction of valuable compounds from clove buds using ultrasound assisted hydrotropic extraction. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 25:100325
Jain PL, Patel SR, Desai MA (2022) An innovative ultrasonic-assisted extraction process for enhancing the patchoulol from Pogostemon cablin essential oil using hydrotropes. Materials Today: Proceedings 57:2377–2380
Nagarajan J, Wah Heng W, Galanakis CM, Nagasundara Ramanan R, Raghunandan ME, Sun J et al (2016) Extraction of phytochemicals using hydrotropic solvents. Sep Sci Technol 51(7):1151–1165
Said AA, Nasr Y, Galal AA, Abdelhamid AE, Mohamed HA, Metwally MM et al (2022) Concerns with male infertility induced by exposure to titanium nanoparticles and the supporting impact of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil: morphometric records in male-Wistar rats. Life 12(5):639
Degot P, Funkner D, Huber V, Köglmaier M, Touraud D, Kunz W (2021) Extraction of curcumin from Curcuma longa using meglumine and pyroglutamic acid, respectively, as solubilizer and hydrotrope. J Mol Liq 334:116478
Desai MA, Parikh J (2012) Hydrotropic extraction of citral from Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) Wats. Ind Eng Chem Res 51(9):3750–3757
Dandekar DV, Jayaprakasha GK, Patil BS (2008) Hydrotropic extraction of bioactive limonin from sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seeds. Food Chem 109(3):515–520
Mishra SP, Gaikar VG (2009) Hydrotropic extraction process for recovery of forskolin from Coleus forskohlii roots. Ind Eng Chem Res 48(17):8083–8090
Latha C (2006) Selective extraction of embelin from Embelia ribes by hydrotropes. Sep Sci Technol 41(16):3721–3729
Raman G, Gaikar VG (2002) Extraction of piperine from Piper nigrum (black pepper) by hydrotropic solubilization. Ind Eng Chem Res 41(12):2966–2976
Mazaud A, Lebeuf R, Laguerre M, Nardello-Rataj V (2020) Hydrotropic extraction of carnosic acid from rosemary with short-chain alkyl polyethylene glycol ethers. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8(40):15268–15277
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Venkatswara College of Engineering, Chennai for the technical support provided.
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Ramasamy Govindarasu: methodology, conceptualization, and supervision. Divya Baskaran: data validation and final draft review and editing. Palanisamy Vignesh and Pranava Sai Raju Nannapuraju: writing first draft and formal analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
This manuscript is the authors’ own original work, which has not been previously published elsewhere.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Govindarasu, R., Baskaran, D., Vignesh, P. et al. Intensified extraction of geraniol from palmarosa leaves using diverse hydrotrope-assisted extraction techniques. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 10585–10598 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04108-w
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04108-w