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Sustainable epoxidation of expired palm oil–derived oleic acid via in situ peracid mechanism with applied ion resin Amberlite IR-120H: from waste to wealth

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Abstract

Over the last decade, there has been growing interest/global concern in synthesizing products from renewable energy sources. Epoxides are intermediate products that can be used to produce other materials such as polyols through the epoxidation of vegetable oils. In this study, expired palm oil was used to synthesize epoxides via in situ peracid mechanism utilizing an ion exchange resin catalyst. Based on the results, the relative conversion to oxirane (RCO) is 63%. The following optimum process parameters were used for the epoxidation process: (1) stirring speed: 600 rpm, (2) reaction temperature: 90 °C, and (3) formic acid/unsaturated fatty acid molar ratio: 1:1. Besides that, a mathematical model was developed by using the numerical integration Runge Kutta 4th Order method using MATLAB software. Based on the results of the kinetic study, the summation of error is smaller, and therefore, the kinetic model is validated.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

Universiti Teknologi MARA and Comgreat Solution Sdn. Bhd, provided support with RMI file no: 100-RMC 5/3/SRP PRI (022/2022).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Pulau Pinang Branch, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Permatang Pauh, Malaysia

    Mahazmi Burhanuddin Mahadi, Mohd Zulkipli Ab Kadir & Noorfazlida Mohamed

  2. Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Johor Branch, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Pasir Gudang Campus, Masai, Malaysia

    Intan Suhada Azmi & Mohd Jumain Jalil

  3. MM Biomass Global (M) Sdn. Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia

    Mariam A. Rahman

Authors
  1. Mahazmi Burhanuddin Mahadi
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  4. Noorfazlida Mohamed
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Contributions

Mahazmi Burhanuddin Mahadi: writing and experiment work.

Intan Suhada Azmi: data curation.

Mohd Zulkipli Ab Kadir: methodology.

Mariam A. Rahman: experiment work.

Noorfazlida Mohamed: editing.

Mohd Jumain Jalil: conceptualization and methodology.

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Correspondence to Mohd Jumain Jalil.

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Mahadi, M.B., Azmi, I.S., Kadir, M.Z.A. et al. Sustainable epoxidation of expired palm oil–derived oleic acid via in situ peracid mechanism with applied ion resin Amberlite IR-120H: from waste to wealth. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04019-w

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