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Acid catalysed glycerol transformation to fuel additives over different metal phosphate solid acid catalysts

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Abstract

Investigations on the metal phosphate (MP: M = Al, Ti, Zr and Nb) solid acid catalysts are carried out in the liquid phase through the acetylation of glycerol in acetic acid and acetalization in acetone. Hydrothermal procedure was employed in the preparation of these catalysts. The physico-chemical properties, viz; amorphous or crystalline nature is determined by using X-ray diffraction, pore size distribution is measured from their respective N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, stretching and bending modes of various molecules is found using FT-IR and charge transfer transitions are determined using UV-DRS of these catalysts. Studies of adsorbed pyridine using ex situ FT-IR analysis and NH3-temperature programmed desorption are also carried out on these catalysts to get an insight into the structural and acidic properties by varying the metal component. The functionality of glycerol acetylation and acetalization is explained in terms of the acidity and structural properties of these MP catalysts. From the results, it was observed that the NbP was the most active catalyst, and it was achieved the highest conversion of glycerol in both acylation and acetalization reactions with 89% and 92% respectively. However, in acylation and acetylation reactions, we observed 21%, 54% and 25% selectivities for mono, di and triacetin respectively and 100% selectivity of solketal respectively for NbP catalyst. It was also observed that NbP was found to the best catalyst for activity and selectivity in both reactions as compared to TiP, ZrP and AlP. It is noteworthy to mention here is that both catalytic reactions were significantly affected by the material properties such as total acidity and textural properties. However, the various reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, mole ratio of glycerol to acetic acid, reaction time, and catalyst loadings also have some influence on the catalytic activity results.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the University of Technology and Applied Sciences for the support to encourage research. There is no funding involved in support to the present research. Finally, the anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged for their constructive comments on the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Al-khuwair-133, P.O. Box 74, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

    Srinivasa Rao Ginjupalli & Ramachandra Prabhu C.

  2. Engineering Research Centre for Hydrogen Energy and New Materials, College of Rare Earths (CoRE), Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China

    PutraKumar Balla

  3. Department of Chemistry, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, AvadiTamil Nadu, Chennai, 600 062, India

    Pethan Rajan N.

  4. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic of China

    Ramyakrishna Pothu

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  1. Srinivasa Rao Ginjupalli
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Contributions

SRG: Conception and design of the work, data analysis and interpretation, drafting the article and final approval of the version to be published. PKB: Characterization of samples, data analysis and interpretation and final approval of the version to be published. RP: Critical revision of the article and final approval of the version to be published. PRN: Critical revision of the article and final approval of the version to be published. RP: Helping in manuscript preparation during first and second revision.

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Correspondence to Srinivasa Rao Ginjupalli.

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Ginjupalli, S.R., Balla, P., C., R.P. et al. Acid catalysed glycerol transformation to fuel additives over different metal phosphate solid acid catalysts. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 12749–12761 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-02259-2

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