Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The influence of dual-catalyst bed system of zeolitic and metal oxide catalysts on the production of valuable hydrocarbons during co-pyrolysis of rice straw and waste tire

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The influences of acidic (HZSM-5) and basic oxide (CaO/MgO) catalysts and their combinations on yield and quality of pyrolytic oil, derived from co-pyrolysis of rice straw (RS) and waste tire (WT), were investigated. The pyrolytic oil from non-catalytic co-pyrolysis of RS/WT was found to have 31, 27, and 36 peak area% of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs), aliphatic hydrocarbons, and oxygenates, respectively. The yield of MAHs was increased by 43.63% for RS/WT/HZSM-5 while that of oxygenates was decreased by 55.56%. Superior surface area, abundant acidic sites, and selectivity of HZSM-5 towards aromatics render it more efficient than either of metal oxides catalyst (CaO/MgO) alone. Dual-catalyst bed of HZSM-5/CaO at mass ratio of 1:1 was superior to all other combinations with MAH yield of 59 peak area% while the selectivity of benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) at the same ratio was 18.79%, 33.81%, and 41.85%, respectively. Similarly, the optimum combination of HZSM-5/MgO was also 1:1 which was as equally efficient in deoxygenation as HZSM-5 alone. Moreover, all combinations of HZSM-5/CaO were superior in the terms of HC production and deoxygenation compared to their respective mass ratios of HZSM-5/MgO. Additionally, the application of a dual catalytic bed significantly upgraded the calorific value (HHV) and other physico-chemical characteristics of pyrolytic oil.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ryu HW, Kim DH, Jae J et al (2020) Recent advances in catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic waste for the production of petroleum-like hydrocarbons. Bioresour Technol 310:123473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Hassan H, Lim JK, Hameed BH (2019) Catalytic co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and waste high-density polyethylene over faujasite-type zeolite. Bioresour Technol 284:406–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Hua MY, Li BX (2016) Co-pyrolysis characteristics of the sugarcane bagasse and Enteromorpha prolifera. Energy Convers Manag 120:238–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.04.072

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Chong YY, Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S, Ng HK et al (2019) Effect of oxide catalysts on the properties of bio-oil from in-situ catalytic pyrolysis of palm empty fruit bunch fiber. J Environ Manage 247:38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.049

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ma W, Rajput G, Pan M et al (2019) Pyrolysis of typical MSW components by Py-GC/MS and TG-FTIR. Fuel 251:693–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.04.069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Asadullah M, Rahman MA, Ali MM et al (2007) Production of bio-oil from fixed bed pyrolysis of bagasse. Fuel 86:2514–2520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.02.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Khan SR, Zeeshan M, Ahmed A, Saeed S (2021) Comparison of synthetic and low-cost natural zeolite for bio-oil focused pyrolysis of raw and pretreated biomass. J Clean Prod 313:127760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127760

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Biswas B, Pandey N, Bisht Y et al (2017) Pyrolysis of agricultural biomass residues: comparative study of corn cob, wheat straw, rice straw and rice husk. Bioresour Technol 237:57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Biswas B, Singh R, Krishna BB et al (2017) Pyrolysis of azolla, sargassum tenerrimum and water hyacinth for production of bio-oil. Bioresour Technol 242:139–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Shah SAY, Zeeshan M, Farooq MZ et al (2019) Co-pyrolysis of cotton stalk and waste tire with a focus on liquid yield quantity and quality. Renew Energy 130:238–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.06.045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Azhar R, Zeeshan M, Fatima K (2019) Crop residue open field burning in Pakistan; multi-year high spatial resolution emission inventory for 2000–2014. Atmos Environ 208:20–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.03.031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Khan SR, Zeeshan M, Khokhar MF et al (2021) A comprehensive study on upgradation of pyrolysis products through co-feeding of waste tire into rice straw under broad range of co-feed ratios in a bench-scale fixed bed reactor. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01434-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Ghorbannezhad P, Park S, Onwudili JA (2020) Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic waste over zeolite- and sodium-based catalysts for enhanced yields of hydrocarbon products. Waste Manag 102:909–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Carlson TR, Jae J, Huber GW (2009) Mechanistic insights from isotopic studies of glucose conversion to aromatics over ZSM-5. ChemCatChem 1:107–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.200900130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Uçar S, Karagöz S (2014) Co-pyrolysis of pine nut shells with scrap tires. Fuel 137:85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.07.082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Martínez JD, Veses A, Mastral AM et al (2014) Co-pyrolysis of biomass with waste tyres: upgrading of liquid bio-fuel. Fuel Process Technol 119:263–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.11.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Brebu M, Ucar S, Vasile C, Yanik J (2010) Co-pyrolysis of pine cone with synthetic polymers. Fuel 89:1911–1918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Cao Q, Jin L, Bao W, Lv Y (2009) Investigations into the characteristics of oils produced from co-pyrolysis of biomass and tire. Fuel Process Technol 90:337–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.10.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Navarro MV, Martínez JD, Murillo R et al (2012) Application of a particle model to pyrolysis. comparison of different feedstock: plastic, tyre, coal and biomass. Fuel Process Technol 103:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.12.031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Fan L, Chen P, Zhang Y et al (2016) Fast microwave-assisted catalytic co-pyrolysis of lignin and low-density polyethylene with HZSM-5 and MgO for improved bio-oil yield and quality. Bioresour Technol 225:199–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.072

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ding K, He A, Zhong D et al (2018) Improving hydrocarbon yield via catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic over ceria and HZSM-5: an analytical pyrolyzer analysis. Bioresour Technol 268:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Liu S, Xie Q, Zhang B et al (2016) Fast microwave-assisted catalytic co-pyrolysis of corn stover and scum for bio-oil production with CaO and HZSM-5 as the catalyst. Bioresour Technol 204:164–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang J, Zhong Z, Ding K et al (2017) Co-pyrolysis of bamboo residual with waste tire over dual catalytic stage of CaO and co-modified HZSM-5. Energy 133:90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang J, Liu Q, Zhou J, Yu Z (2021) Production of high-value chemicals by biomass pyrolysis with metal oxides and zeolites. Waste and Biomass Valorization 12:3049–3057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-00962-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Li S, Xu S, Liu S et al (2004) Fast pyrolysis of biomass in free-fall reactor for hydrogen-rich gas. Fuel Process Technol 85:1201–1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2003.11.043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Razzaq M, Zeeshan M, Qaisar S et al (2019) Investigating use of metal-modified HZSM-5 catalyst to upgrade liquid yield in co-pyrolysis of wheat straw and polystyrene. Fuel 257:116119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Qu T, Guo W, Shen L et al (2011) In-depth investigation of biomass pyrolysis based on three major components: hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Ind Eng Chem Res 50:10424–10433. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie1025453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Zambare AS, Ou J, Hill Wong DS et al (2019) Controlling the product selectivity in the conversion of methanol to the feedstock for phenol production. RSC Adv 9:23864–23875. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra03723c

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Khan SR, Zeeshan M, Iqbal S (2018) Thermal management of newly developed non-noble metal-based catalytic converter to reduce cold start emissions of small internal combustion engine. Chem Eng Commun 205:680–688. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2017.1412311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Khan SR, Zeeshan M (2022) Catalytic potential of low-cost natural zeolite and influence of various pretreatments of biomass on pyro-oil up-gradation during co-pyrolysis with scrap rubber tires. Energy 238:121820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Muneer B, Zeeshan M, Qaisar S et al (2019) Influence of in-situ and ex-situ HZSM-5 catalyst on co-pyrolysis of corn stalk and polystyrene with a focus on liquid yield and quality. J Clean Prod 237:117762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Khan SR, Zeeshan M, Masood A (2020) Enhancement of hydrocarbons production through co-pyrolysis of acid-treated biomass and waste tire in a fixed bed reactor. Waste Manag 106:21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kim YM, Jae J, Kim BS et al (2017) Catalytic co-pyrolysis of torrefied yellow poplar and high-density polyethylene using microporous HZSM-5 and mesoporous Al-MCM-41 catalysts. Energy Convers Manag 149:966–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.04.033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Qu T, Guo W, Shen L et al (2011) Experimental study of biomass pyrolysis based on three major components: hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Ind Eng Chem Res 50:10424–10433. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie1025453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Williams PT, Besler S (1993) The pyrolysis of rice husks in a thermogravimetric analyser and static batch reactor. Fuel 72:151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(93)90391-E

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Jin X, Chen-yang N, Deng-yin Z et al (2019) Co-pyrolysis of rice straw and water hyacinth: characterization of products, yields and biomass interaction effect. Biomass Bioenerg 127:105281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Azizi K, Moshfegh Haghighi A, KeshavarzMoraveji M et al (2019) Co-pyrolysis of binary and ternary mixtures of microalgae, wood and waste tires through TGA. Renew Energy 142:264–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Al Arni S (2018) Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for converting biomass into fuel. Renew Energy 124:197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Valle B, Castaño P, Olazar M et al (2012) Deactivating species in the transformation of crude bio-oil with methanol into hydrocarbons on a HZSM-5 catalyst. J Catal 285:304–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2011.10.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Stefanidis SD, Kalogiannis KG, Iliopoulou EF et al (2011) In-situ upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapors: catalyst screening on a fixed bed reactor. Bioresour Technol 102:8261–8267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Iftikhar H, Zeeshan M, Iqbal S et al (2019) Co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and polystyrene with ex-situ catalytic bed of metal oxides/HZSM-5 with focus on liquid yield. Bioresour Technol 289:121647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Lin Y, Zhang C, Zhang M, Zhang J (2010) Deoxygenation of bio-oil during pyrolysis of biomass in the presence of CaO in a fluidized-bed reactor. Energy Fuels 24:5686–5695. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef1009605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Hellier P, Talibi M, Eveleigh A, Ladommatos N (2018) An overview of the effects of fuel molecular structure on the combustion and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engines. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D J Automob Eng 232:90–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407016687453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Song Z, Yang Y, Zhao X et al (2017) Microwave pyrolysis of tire powders: evolution of yields and composition of products. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 123:152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2016.12.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Farooq MZ, Zeeshan M, Iqbal S et al (2018) Influence of waste tire addition on wheat straw pyrolysis yield and oil quality. Energy 144:200–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Ahmed N, Zeeshan M, Iqbal N et al (2018) Investigation on bio-oil yield and quality with scrap tire addition in sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis. J Clean Prod 196:927–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Hopa DY, Alagöz O, Yılmaz N et al (2019) Biomass co-pyrolysis: effects of blending three different biomasses on oil yield and quality. Waste Manag Res 37:925–933. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X19860895

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Jae J, Tompsett GA, Foster AJ et al (2011) Investigation into the shape selectivity of zeolite catalysts for biomass conversion. J Catal 279:257–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2011.01.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Li X, Zhang H, Li J et al (2013) Improving the aromatic production in catalytic fast pyrolysis of cellulose by co-feeding low-density polyethylene. Appl Catal A Gen 455:114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2013.01.038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Ding K, Zhong Z, Wang J et al (2018) Improving hydrocarbon yield from catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of hemicellulose and plastic in the dual-catalyst bed of CaO and HZSM-5. Bioresour Technol 261:86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Lu Q, Zhang ZF, Dong CQ, Zhu XF (2010) Catalytic upgrading of biomass fast pyrolysis vapors with nano metal oxides: an analytical Py-GC/MS study. Energies 3:1805–1820. https://doi.org/10.3390/en3111805

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Wang J, Zhang B, Zhong Z et al (2017) Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of bamboo residual and waste lubricating oil over an ex-situ dual catalytic beds of MgO and HZSM-5: analytical PY-GC/MS study. Energy Convers Manag 139:222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.02.047

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Kim SS, Agblevor FA, Lim J (2009) Fast pyrolysis of chicken litter and turkey litter in a fluidized bed reactor. J Ind Eng Chem 15:247–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2008.10.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would also like to acknowledge the cooperation of the National Center of Physics (NCP), Pakistan, in the characterization of products.

Funding

National University of Sciences Technology (NUST) Islamabad is hereby deeply regarded for financially supporting this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Environmental Sciences of and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Shoaib Raza Khan, Ahsan Masood & Muhammad Zeeshan

  2. Nanosciences & Technology Department (NS&TD), National Centre for Physics (NCP), Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU) Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

    Sara Qaisar

Authors
  1. Shoaib Raza Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ahsan Masood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Muhammad Zeeshan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sara Qaisar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Muhammad Zeeshan.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 16 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Khan, S.R., Masood, A., Zeeshan, M. et al. The influence of dual-catalyst bed system of zeolitic and metal oxide catalysts on the production of valuable hydrocarbons during co-pyrolysis of rice straw and waste tire. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 12935–12946 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-02052-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-02052-1

Keyword

Search

Navigation