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Adsorptive removal of diclofenac sodium from aqueous solution via industrial processed citrus solid waste–based activated carbon: optimization, kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamic, and reusability analyses

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Abstract

In this research, the adsorptive ability of a novel activated carbon (CWAC) prepared from citrus industrial processing waste (CW) via phosphoric acid activation in decontaminating synthetically contaminated water with diclofenac (DCF), selected as a high toxicity model drug, was examined in detail. Optimum adsorption conditions were decided by analyzing the impacts of effective experimental parameters such as CWAC amount, DCF concentration, adsorption time, and ambient temperature. Experimental results were evaluated in kinetic, isothermal, thermodynamic, and intra-particle diffusion models to characterize the CWAC-DCF adsorption system. The kinetic and equilibrium isotherm data conformed the Lagergren and Langmuir models, respectively. The maximum amount of DCF adsorbed by CWAC was determined to be 185.19 mg/g under the specified optimum operating conditions. The values of the calculated thermodynamic parameters indicated that the process was endothermic and spontaneity increased at high temperatures. In addition, the CWAC was observed to maintain its high adsorption capacity even after five regeneration cycles. The adsorption mechanism was clarified by SEM and FT-IR spectroscopic examinations. The results of this research demonstrated the applicability of CWAC as a highly effective and reusable alternative adsorbent for decontamination of DCF-contaminated water.

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Funding

Financial support was provided by the Scientific Research Projects Coordinator of Dicle University (Project No: ZGEF-15–006).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Dicle University, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey

    Fuat Güzel

  2. Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science and Technology, Dicle University, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey

    Filiz Koyuncu

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Güzel, F., Koyuncu, F. Adsorptive removal of diclofenac sodium from aqueous solution via industrial processed citrus solid waste–based activated carbon: optimization, kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamic, and reusability analyses. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 2401–2412 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01969-x

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