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Impact of Applying Technique for Dual Frequency Sonication on Esterification

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Abstract

Prior to biodiesel production of a high free fatty acid (FFA) oil, esterification of the oil is recommended to reduce the FFA to less than 1%. In this work, dual frequency ultrasound-assisted esterification with three different techniques was investigated. Three wave applying techniques have been proposed with the same energy used during the process. Firstly, for technique A, 28 kHz (100 W) and 40 kHz (100 W) waves were concurrently applied for a total time of T min. Secondly, for technique B, 28 kHz (200 W) waves were firstly applied for a total time of T/2 min and followed by 40 kHz (200 W) for a total time of T/2 min. Lastly, for technique C, 28 kHz (200 W) and 40 kHz (200 W) waves were concurrently applied for a total time of T/2 min. Pertinent parameters, i.e., methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction time, were investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used as a tool for optimization. The amount of final FFA and energy used during the process were the key indices to optimize the most suitable condition. The results revealed that technique C* gave the highest FFA conversion of 99.40% with specific energy consumption of 23.73 Wh/% for methanol to oil (M/O) molar ratio of 12:1, catalyst loading of 2.2%wt., and 40 min reaction time. However, when considering both final FFA less than 1% and least energy used, it was suggested that M/O ratio 15:1, catalyst loading of 1.5%wt., and 22.5 min reaction time could give as high as 94.5% conversion yield with 14 Wh/% for technique C.

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Acknowledgements

The research team would like to thank the Center of alternative energy research and development, Khon Kaen University, for supporting our work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

    Tanakorn Wongwuttanasatian

  2. Center for Alternative Energy Research and Development, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

    Tanakorn Wongwuttanasatian & Varinrumpai Seithtanabutara

  3. Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

    Tanakorn Wongwuttanasatian, Pakawadee Kaewkannetra & Varinrumpai Seithtanabutara

  4. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

    Varinrumpai Seithtanabutara

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  1. Tanakorn Wongwuttanasatian
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Correspondence to Varinrumpai Seithtanabutara.

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Highlights

• High FFA-crude palm oil was esterified by 3 techniques of dual frequency ultrasound assisted-esterification.

• CCD and optimization using response surface methodology were studied.

• Applying dual frequency waves in parallel and series were investigated.

• Technique C* gave the best potential results.

• Final FFA less than 1% at minimum SECP was achieved by technique C.

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Wongwuttanasatian, T., Kaewkannetra, P. & Seithtanabutara, V. Impact of Applying Technique for Dual Frequency Sonication on Esterification. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 6527–6542 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01646-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01646-z

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