Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Improvement of extraction and concentration method for polyunsaturated fatty acid production from Nile tilapia processing waste

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this current study, the economical and environmentally friendly method of extraction and concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) from Nile tilapia waste was improved. First, Nile tilapia waste was collected and characterized. Lyophilized Nile tilapia had a 30.3% lipid content, which was suitable for oil extraction and PUFA concentration. After extraction and concentration, Nile tilapia waste oil (TWO) concentrated with Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase gave an acceptable peroxide and acid value of fish oils for human consumption. Fatty acid composition was also evaluated. After enzymatic concentration, PUFA increased dramatically. A high percentage of PUFA (59.0%) and the ratio of fatty acids n-6/n-3 (1.2) indicates good nutritional values of enzymatically concentrated TWO. Moreover, the optimization study of enzymatic concentration was evaluated to increase quality of TWO. A concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was determined. A high concentration of EPA+DHA was obtained when P. fluorescens (3.6%) and Thermomyces lanuginosa (5.3%) lipases were applied. The highest EPA and DHA content (6.0%) was observed with 0.1 g of immobilized T. lanuginosa lipase per 2 g oil after an 18-h reaction time. Similar conditions were also preferred when using P. fluorescens lipase; however, only 4.0% EPA and DHA were observed. This is the first report on PUFA concentration from Nile tilapia waste using a one-step extraction and saponification in combination with enzymatic concentration. Notably, this method is expected to be a more economically possible technique for large-scale production and allows the possibility of using Nile tilapia waste as substrate for PUFA concentration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Arvanitoyannis IS, Kassaveti A (2008) Fish industry waste: treatment, environmental impacts, current and potential uses. Int J Food Sci Tech 43:726–745. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01513.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, FAO (2018) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018 - meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO

  3. Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles, Thailand (2009) Country profile fact sheets. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Rome. Update 1 August 2009, http://www.fao.org/fishery/facp/THA/en (Accessed 17 April 2020)

  4. Ghaly A, Ramakrishnan V, Brook M, Budge S, Dave D (2013) Fish processing wastes as a potential source of protein, amino acids and oils: a critical review. J Microb Biochem Technol 5:107–129. https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Caruso G (2016) Fishery wastes and by-products: a resource to be valorized. J Fisheriesscience.com 10: 12–15

  6. Mariasole DB, Hunter AM, Gray SR (2017) Fit with good fat? The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on exercise performance. Metab Clin Exp 66:45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2016.10.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Itsiopoulos C, Marx W, Mayr HL, Tatucu-Babet OA, Dash SR, George ES, Trakman GL, Kelly JT, Thomas CJ, Brazionis L (2018) The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. J Nutr Intermed Metab 14:42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2018.02.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Simopoulos AP (2016) An increase in the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio increases the risk for obesity. Nutrients 8:128. https://doi.org/10.3990/nu8030128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Peltoma E, Johnson MD, Taipale SJ (2018) Marine cryptophytes are great sources of EPA and DHA. Mar Drugs 16:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3990/md16010003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Ciriminna R, Scurria A, Fabiano-Tixier AS, Lino C, Avellone G, Chemat F, Pagliaro M (2019) Omega-3 extraction from anchovy fillet leftovers with limonene: chemical, economic, and technical aspects. ACS Omega 4:15359–15363. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b01168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Chowdhury R, Stevens S, Gorman D, Pan A, Warnakula S, Chowdhury S, Ward H, Johnson L, Crowe E, Hu EB, Franco OH (2012) Association between fish consumption, long chain omega 3 fatty acids, and risk of cerebrovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br Med J 345:e6698. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e6698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Mattimu JA, As’ad S, Nurdin MA, Bahar B (2016) Similarities content of anchovy omega 3 between regions of Indonesia. IJSBAR 29:165–170

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ayisi CL, Zhao JL (2017) Fatty acid composition, lipogenic enzyme activities and mRNA expression of genes involved in the lipid metabolism of Nile tilapia fed with palm oil. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci 17:405–415. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v17_2_20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Stoneham TR, Kuhn DD, Taylor DP, Neilson AP, Smith SA, Gatlin DM, Chu HS, O’Keefe SF (2018) Production of omega-3 enriched tilapia through the dietary use of algae meal or fish oil: improved nutrient value of fillet and offal. PLoS One 11:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Pandiangan M, Kaban J, Wirjosentono B, Silalahi J (2018) Identification omega 3 and 6 on the positions sn-2 triacylglycerol Nile tilapia fish oil by hydrolysis using lipase from Mucor miehei. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 216:012039. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/216/1/012039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. El-Sayed AFM (2006) Tilapia culture. Wallingford, UK;: CABI Pub; Silva JFX, Ribeiro K, Silva

  17. Silva JFX, Ribeiro K, Silva JF, Cahú TB, Bezerra RS (2014) Utilization of tilapia processing waste for the production of fish protein hydrolysate. Anim Feed Sci Tech 196:96–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.06.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Mota FAS, Filho JT, Barreto GA (2019) The Nile tilapia viscera oil extraction for biodiesel production in Brazil: an economic analysis. Renew Sust Energ Rev 108:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Chakraborty K, Joseph D (2015) Cooking and pressing is an effective and eco-friendly technique for obtaining high quality oil from Sardinella longiceps. Eur J Lipid Sci Tech 117:837–850. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201400539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Adeoti IA, Hawboldt K (2014) A review of lipid extraction from fish processing by-product for use as a biofuel. Biomass Bioenergy 63:330–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.02.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Sahena F, Zaidul ISM, Jinap S, Saari N, Jahurul HA, Abbas KA, Norulaini NA (2009) PUFAs in fish: extraction, fractionation, importance in health. Compr Rev Food Sci F 8:59–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00069.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Sati H, Mitra M, Mishra S, Baredar P (2019) Microalgal lipid extraction strategies for biodiesel production: a review. Algal Res 38:101413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2019.101413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Li Y, Naghdi FG, Garg S, Adarme-Vega TC, Thurechi KJ, Ghafor WA, Tannock S, Schenk PM (2014) A comparative study: the impact of different lipid extraction methods on current microalgal lipid research. Microb Cell Factories 13:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-13-14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Oliveira CYB, Viegas TL, Lopes RG, Cella H, Menezes RS, Soares AT, Filho NRA, Derner RB (2020) A comparison of harvesting and drying methodologies on fatty acids composition of the green microalga Scenedesmus obliquus. Biomass Bioenergy 132:105437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ansari FA, Nasr M, Guldhe A, Gupta SK, Rawat I, Bux F (2020) Techno-economic feasibility of algal aquaculture via fish and biodiesel production pathways: a commercial-scale application. Sci Total Environ 704:135259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Crexi VT, Legemann-Monte M, Almeida de Souza L, De Almeida-Pinto L (2010) Production and refinement of oil from carp (Cyprinus carpio) viscera. Food Chem 119:945–950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.07.050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Vaisali C, Charanyaa S, Belur PD, Regupathi I (2015) Refining of edible oils: a critical appraisal of current and potential technologies. Int J Food Sci Tech 50:13–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12657

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Homayooni B, Sahari MA, Barzegar M (2014) Concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids from rainbow sardine fish oil by various methods. Int Food Res J 21:743–748

    Google Scholar 

  29. Bonilla-Méndez JR, Hoyos-Concha JL (2018) Method of extraction, refining and concentration of fish oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids. Corpoica Cienc Technol Agropecu Mosquera 19: 645–668. https://doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol19-num2-art:684

  30. Guil-Guerrero JL, López-Martínez JC, Rincón-Cervera MA, Campra-Madrid P (2007) One-step extraction and concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish liver. J Amer Oil Chem Soc 84:357–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-007-1041-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Binhayeeding N, Yunu T, Paichid N, Klomklao S, Sangkharak K (2020) Immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase on polyhydroxybutyrate via a combination of adsorption and cross-linking agents to enhance acylglycerol production. Process Biochem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2020.02.007

  32. Helrich, K. (Ed.) (1990) Official methods of analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Virginia, USA

  33. López-Martínez JC, Campra-Madrid P, Guil-Guerrero JL (2004) γ-Linolenic acid enrichment from Borago officinalis and Echium fastuosum seed oils and fatty acids by low temperature crystallization. J Biosci Bioeng 97:294–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-1723(04)70208-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Dave D (2016) Salmon processing waste: a prospective source for nutraceuticals. Marine Institute, Memorial University, November 2016. 2015–16 Harris Centre˗ MMSB waste management applied research fund. https://www.mun.ca/harriscentre/reports/DAVE_WASTE_15-16.pdf

  35. Ŝimat V, Vlahović J, Soldo B, Skroza D, Ljubenkov I, Mekinić IG (2019) Production and refinement of omerga-3 rich oils from processing by-products of farmed fish species. Foods 8:125. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8040125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. American Oil Chemists Society - ADCS (1995) Official methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society (4th ed.). Washington

  37. Undeland I, Härröd M, Lingnert H (1998) Comparison between methods using low-toxicity solvents for the extraction of lipids from herring (Clupea harengus). Food Chem 961:355–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00053-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. PN-EN ISO 660:1998. Animal and vegetable fats and oils. Determination of acid value and acidity

  39. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), 2005 Fatty acids in oils and fats; preparation of methyl esters, boron trifluoride method. Method 969.33. Arlington, Virginia

  40. Taati MM, Shabanpour B, Ojagh M (2018) Investigation on fish oil extraction by enzyme extraction and wet reduction methods and quality analysis. AACL Bioflux 11:83–90

    Google Scholar 

  41. Li X, Cao J, Bai X, Zhang F (2018) Chemical composition and thermal properties of tilapia oil extracted by different methods. Int J Food Prop 21:1575–1585. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2018.1503302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Petenuci ME, Stevanato FB, Visentainr JEL, Matsushita M, Garcia EE, de Souza NE, Visentainer JV (2008) Fatty acid concentration, proximate composition, and mineral composition in fishbone flour of Nile tilapia. Arch Latimoam Nutr 58:87–90

    Google Scholar 

  43. Gɫowacz-Ráżyńska A, Tynek M, Malinowska-Pańczyk E, Martysiak-Żurowska D, Pawɫowicz R, Koɫodziejska I (2016) Comparison of oil yield and quality obtained by different extraction procedures from salmon (Salmo salar) processing byproducts. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 118:0000–0000. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201500269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Babbit KJ, (1990) Intrinsic quality and species of North Pacific fish, in making profits out of seafood wastes, edited by S. Keller, Proceedings of the international conference on fish by-products, Anchorage, AK, April 25–27, University of Alaska Sea Grant, Fairbanks, pp. 39–43

  45. Cao J, Deng L, Zhu XM, Fan Y, Hu JN, Li J, Deng ZY (2014) Approach to evaluate the oxidation state of vegetable oils using characteristic oxidation indicators. J Agric Food Chem 62:12545–12552. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5047656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Dave D, Ramakrishnan VV, Trenholm S, Manuel H, Pohling J, Murphy W (2014) Marine oils as potential feedstock for biodiesel production: physicochemical characterization. J Bioprocess Biotech 4:2–12. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9821.1000168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Deepika D, Vegneshwaran VR, Julia P, Sukhinder KC, Sheila T, Heather M, Wade M (2014) Investigation on oil extraction methods and its influence on omega-3 content from cultured salmon. J Food Process Technol 5:401. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7110.1000401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Rubio-Rodriguez N, de Diego SM, Beltran S, Jaime I, Sanz MT (2008) Supercritical fluid extraction of the omega-3 rich oil contained in hake (Merluccius capensis–Merluccius paradoxus) by-products: study of the influence of process parameters on the extraction yield and oil quality. J Supercrit Fluid 47:215–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2008.07.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Barthet VJ, Gordon V, Daun JK (2008) Evaluation of a colorimetric method for measuring the content of FFA in marine and vegetable oils. Food Chem 111:1064–1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Wrolstad RE, Decker EA, Schwartz SJ (2005) Handbook of food analytical chemistry, water, proteins, enzymes, lipids, and carbohydrates. Science

  51. Simopoulos AP (2002) Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. J Am Coll Nutr 21: 495–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2002.10719248. PMid:12480795

  52. Kahveci D, Xu X (2011) Repeated hydrolysis process is effective for enrichment of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in salmon oil by Candida rugosa lipase. Food Chem 129:1552–1558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Miranda K, Baeza R, Noriega J, García H, Otero C (2013) Optimization of structured diacylglycerols production containing ω-3 fatty acids via enzyme-catalysed glycerolysis of fish oil. Eur Food Res Technol 236:435–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-012-1889-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Gámez-Meza N, Noriega-Rodríquez JA, Medina-Juárez LA, Ortega-García J, Monroy-Rivera J, Toro-Vázquez FJ, García HS, Angulo-Guerrero O (2003) Concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahezaenoic acid from fish oil by hydrolysis and urea complexation. Food Res Int 36:721–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(03)00052-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Chakraborty K, Raj RP (2009) Selective enrichment of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with C18-C20 acyl chain length from sardine oil using Pseudomonas fluorescens MTCC 2421 lipase. Food Chem 114:142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Ashjari M, Mohammadi M, Badri R (2015) Selective concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil with immobilized/stabilized preparations of Rhizopus oryzae lipase. J Mol Catal B-Enzym 122:147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.08.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Martín Valverde L, González Moreno PA, Rodríguez Quevedo A, Hita Peña E, Jiménez Callejón MJ, Esteban Cerdán L, Molina Grima E, Robles Medina A (2012) Concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by selective alcoholysis catalyzed by lipases. J Am Oil Chem Soc 89:1633–1645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-012-2056-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Tanbirul Haque ASM, Chun BS (2016) Particle formation and characterization of mackerel reaction oil by gas saturated solution process. J Food Sci Technol 53:293–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-2000-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Oliveira D, Feihrmann AC, Rubira AF, Kunita MH, Dariva C, Oliveira JV (2006) Assessment of two immobilized lipases activity treated in compressed fluids. J Supercrit Fluids 38:373–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2005.12.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Mangas-Sánchez J, Serrano-Arnaldos M, Adlerccreutz P (2015) Effective and highly selective lipase-mediated synthesis of 2-monoolein and 1,2-diolein in a two-phase system. J Mol Catal B-Enzym 112:9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.11.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Shaohua L, Mangyuan W, Lijie Z, Man Z, Ming Y (2018) Preparation of DHA- and EPA-enriched glycerides by enzymatic interesterification using tuna oil and capric acid. Grain & Oil Science and Technology 1:97–104. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1447.GOST.2018.18020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Aarthy M, Saravanan P, Ayyadurai N, Gowthaman MK, Kamini NR (2016) A two step process for production of omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrates from sardine oil using Cryptococcus sp. MTCC 5455 lipase. J Mol Catal B-Enzym 125:25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.12.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Iberahim NI, Hamzah Z, Yin YJ, Sohaimi KSA (2018) Extraction and characterization of omega-3 fatty acid from catfish using enzymatic hydrolysis technique. MATEC Web of Conferences 187:01005. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818701005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Strobel C, Jahreis G, Kuhnt K (2012) Survey of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish and fish products. Lipid Health Dis 11:144. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-11-144

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study was financially supported by the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science as well as the Research and Development Institute at Thaksin University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Thaksin University, Phatthalung, 93210, Thailand

    Kanokphorn Sangkharak, Nisa Paichid & Tewan Yunu

  2. Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro and Bio Industry, Thaksin University, Phatthalung, 93210, Thailand

    Sappasith Klomklao

Authors
  1. Kanokphorn Sangkharak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nisa Paichid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tewan Yunu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sappasith Klomklao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kanokphorn Sangkharak.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sangkharak, K., Paichid, N., Yunu, T. et al. Improvement of extraction and concentration method for polyunsaturated fatty acid production from Nile tilapia processing waste. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 12, 3995–4007 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00826-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00826-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation