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A Novel Water-in-Oil-in-Water Double Nanoemulsion of α-Mangostin and Kojic Acid for Topical Applications

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Abstract

Nano-formulated skin care products with skin whitening effects are in high demand, particularly for Asians, because of better topical delivery and enhanced permeation. While single nano-formulated α-mangostin or kojic acid (KA)-containing emulsions are popular, the double emulsion formulation system remains lacking. The study formulated a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsion containing α-mangostin and kojic acid (KA) using a combined high-energy method, followed by physicochemical characterization and sensory evaluation. Both centrifugal and freeze–thaw cycle tests proved that the W/O/W double emulsion was obtained and highly stable. Initial skin spread skin tests showed that X2 (4% Span 80, 1.5% xanthan gum) and X3 (2% Span 80, 2% xanthan gum) were absorbed rapidly through the skin, more so for X2. The high conductivity value of X2 (5.86–6.93 µS/cm) gave a mean particle size (MPS) and PDI of 195.9 nm ± 1.308 and 0.272 ± 0.003, respectively, atomic force micrograph’s droplet size (154.34 ± 37.521 nm). Likewise, phase separation was absent in the long-term storage stability test (seven weeks) at 25 ± 2 °C, retaining good zeta potential ( − 36.13 ± 2.97 mV), pH (4.39 ± 0.09), MPS (162.9–418.9 nm), and PDI (0.272–0.525 nm). The generally nonlinear room plot proved that the X2 destabilization was not coalescence-related but a late onset of Ostwald ripening. The sensory evaluation results proved the α-mangostin and KA W/O/W double nanoemulsion’s comparability to a commercial cream, with the former scoring substantially higher for aroma, thickness, and spreadability (8.0). Thus, the study’s findings conveyed the double nanoemulsion's promising use in the cosmeceutical industry.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (QJ130000.2526.17H48) from the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

    Heng Aie Yin, Roswanira Abdul Wahab, Ghani Ur rehman & Mohd Hamdi Zainal Abidin

  2. Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

    Roswanira Abdul Wahab

  3. Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

    Roswanira Abdul Wahab

  4. Faculty of Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

    Keng Yinn Wong

  5. Process Systems Engineering Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

    Keng Yinn Wong

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  1. Heng Aie Yin
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Correspondence to Roswanira Abdul Wahab.

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Yin, H.A., Wahab, R.A., rehman, G.U. et al. A Novel Water-in-Oil-in-Water Double Nanoemulsion of α-Mangostin and Kojic Acid for Topical Applications. Arab J Sci Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08659-y

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