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The Performance Analysis of Different Water Indices and Algorithms Using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Images in Determining Water Surface: Demirkopru Dam Case Study

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Abstract

In this study, the most appropriate algorithm and water index to determine the boundaries of the dam water surface using remote sensing (RS) techniques were investigated. Water surface boundaries of Demirkopru Dam were determined using Sentinel-2 L2A (MSI) and Landsat-8 (OLI) satellite images. Demirkopru Dam was chosen as the study area as it is suitable for floating photovoltaic (FPV) solar power plant installation. Normalized difference water index (NDWI) and modified NDWI indices were used to determine the water surface boundaries of the dam. Thirty-six classification results were obtained using K-means, maximum likelihood classification (MLC), and random forest (RF) algorithms. The best classification accuracies of the produced maps have been calculated as 80.3%, 73.1%, and 73.2% by RF, MLC, and K-means, respectively. In addition, the water coastlines determined by classifications were compared with the continuously operating reference station (CORS-TR) data in a local area by calculating the root-mean-square error (RMSE). Compared with the CORS-TR measurements of the dam coastline obtained from the images classified by the RF algorithm, the minimum RMSE values were calculated as 13.8 m and 10.1 m for Landsat and Sentinel images, respectively. While the minimum RMSE value for coastlines obtained with various layer stacks of Landsat images classified by the MLC algorithm is 36.7 m, it could not be calculated in Sentinel images due to poorer classification results. For the coastlines obtained from the images classified by the K-means algorithm, the minimum RMSE values were calculated as 14.5 m and 9.6 m for Landsat and Sentinel images, respectively. According to the comparisons based on classification accuracy and CORS-TR measurements, it is concluded that the RF algorithm performs better than others for the dam water surface. Moreover, it was determined that the NDWI presented better results when the water level was the lowest for Demirkopru Dam. Also, in this study, the MLC algorithm has better results in detecting water surfaces using Landsat images. It was concluded that the K-means algorithm is also very effective in water surface detection. In this study, various water extraction indices, algorithms and free Landsat and Sentinel images were used to extract the water surface in a selected reservoir for the FPV installation. This study guides a series of algorithms and indexes used to detect water surfaces. In addition, it has been shown that the use of RS techniques, which are more practical than classical approaches in determining water boundaries, will be more effective in planning and design in terms of engineers, investors and various organizations who will realize the FPV installation.

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Acknowledgements

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. It was prepared from a part of the first author's doctoral dissertation.

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  1. Demirci Vocational School, Manisa Celal Bayar University, 45900, Manisa, Turkey

    Osman Salih Yilmaz

  2. Geomatic Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey

    Fatih Gulgen & Fusun Balik Sanli

  3. Computer and Instructional Technologies Department, Faculty of Education, Manisa Celal Bayar University 45900, Manisa, Turkey

    Ali Murat Ates

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  1. Osman Salih Yilmaz
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Yilmaz, O.S., Gulgen, F., Balik Sanli, F. et al. The Performance Analysis of Different Water Indices and Algorithms Using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Images in Determining Water Surface: Demirkopru Dam Case Study. Arab J Sci Eng 48, 7883–7903 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07583-x

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