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Viscosity Analysis of MWCNT(25%)–ZnO(75%)/10W40 Hybrid Nanofluid; Toward a New Look at Finding Efficient Nanofluid for Heat Transfer Goals

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Abstract

In this study, viscosity of a 10W40-based engine oil containing MWCNT(25%) and ZnO(75%) was experimentally investigated. The experiments were carried out in a temperature range of 5–55 °C and different solid volume fractions (SVF) in the range of 0.05–1%. Viscosity measurements showed that this nanolubricant exhibits pseudo-plastic at all temperatures and VFs. Experimental data showed that in VF of 0.05%, the viscosity of nanofluid (NF) is lower than the viscosity of the base fluid. This finding shows that there is an optimal point for heat transfer applications in some hybrid NFs that makes them economical and optimal. Furthermore, a correlation is proposed to predict the dynamic viscosity. Also, the margin of deviation of this correlation in the prediction of viscosity was measured to be < 5%. To analyze the nanolubricant sensitivity, the sensitivity of the nano-oil was measured relative to the addition of a certain amount of nanoparticle (NP) to it. Based on the results, the sensitivity of the nanolubricant to concentration changes was higher than the effect of the temperature variation on it. The highest sensitivity is reported at SVF of 1% and the temperature of 55 °C.

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Abbreviations

A :

Volume fraction

B :

Temperature

C :

Shear rate

m :

Consistency index

s :

Size of NP (nm)

T :

Temperature

w :

Weight

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

Exp:

Experimental

MOD:

Margin of deviation

MWCNT:

Multi-walled carbon nanotube

NF:

Nanofluid

Pred:

Predicted

RPM:

Revolutions per minute

SR:

Shear rate

SS:

Shear stress

SSA:

Specific surface area

SVF:

Solid volume fraction

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

\(\rho\) :

Density (\({\text{kg}}\,{\text{m}}^{ - 3}\))

μ :

Dynamic viscosity (kg m−1 s−1)

\(\dot{\gamma }\) :

Shear rate (1/s)

τ :

Shear stress (Pa)

φ :

Volume fraction (%)

f:

Base fluid

n:

Power law index

nf:

Nanofluid

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Hemmat Esfe

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  1. Mohammad Hemmat Esfe
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Correspondence to Mohammad Hemmat Esfe.

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Hemmat Esfe, M. Viscosity Analysis of MWCNT(25%)–ZnO(75%)/10W40 Hybrid Nanofluid; Toward a New Look at Finding Efficient Nanofluid for Heat Transfer Goals. Arab J Sci Eng 46, 5957–5968 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-05091-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-05091-4

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