Abstract
Hydrothermal synthesis process of the zeolite type Y and production of different forms (i.e., NaY, \(\hbox {NH}_{4}\hbox {Y}\), and HY) were accomplished. Both natural silica nanoparticles derived from rice husk (RH) and commercial Ludox as a source of silica were applied for preparing a number of type NaY zeolite catalysts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of adding different weight percentages of natural and/or commercial silica into either seed gel or feedstock gel on the synthesis, characterization, and catalytic performance of Y zeolite. A high purity of nanosilica (about 98.9 wt%) was generated using the precipitation method, followed by burning to reduce the metallic ingredients from rice husk ash (RHA). The thermal behavior of the RH was investigated by TGA, while the composition of nanosilica and the chemical analysis of RHA after acid treatment were analyzed by XRF. In addition, the properties of catalysts were characterized using XRD, BET, SEM, EDX, AAS, and FTIR. The catalytic activity and selectivity of prepared Y catalysts were studied using the laboratory-scale fixed-bed catalytic cracking unit throughout the \(\hbox {C}_{6}\hbox {H}_{14}\) cracking reaction at 450 \({^{\circ }}\hbox {C}\). The results indicate significant enhancements in the catalytic performance of the produced nanosilica catalyst created by adding only natural silica in both feedstock gel and seed gel for the preparation of overall Y zeolite gel.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bekkum, H.V.; Flanigen, E.M.; Jacobs, P.A.; Jansen, J.C.: Introduction to Zeolite Science and Practice, 2nd edn. Elsevier, New York (2001)
Barrer, R.M.: Hydrothermal Chemistry of Zeolites. Academic, London, New York (1982)
Ribeiro, F.R.; Rodrigues, A.: Zeolites: Science and Technology, pp. 327–338. Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden (1984)
Chou, Y.U.: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalysis of Mesoporous ZSM-5 Catalysts. Ph.D. thesis, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, UK (2006)
McCormick, A.V.; Bell, A.T.; Radke, C.J.: Multinuclear NMR investigation of the formation of aluminosilicate anions. J. Phys. Chem. 93(5), 1741–1744 (1989)
Prasetyoko, D.; Ramli, Z.; Endud, S.; Hamdan, H.; Sulikowski, B.: Conversion of rice husk ash to zeolite beta. Waste Manage 26, 1173–1179 (2006)
Wittayakun, J.; Khemthong, P.; Prayoonpokarach, S.: Synthesis and characterization of zeolite Y from rice husk silica. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 25(4), 861–864 (2008)
Mohamed, R.M.; Mkhalid, I.A.; Barakat, M.A.: Rice husk ask as a renewable source for the production of zeolite NaY and its characterization. Arab. J. Chem. 8, 48–53 (2015)
Sheng, H.; Shan, J.; Jinfu, W.; Zhanwen, W.; Young, J.: Young, Silica White Obtained from Rice Husk in a Fluidized Bed, pp. 232–238. Elsevier B. V., Amsterdam (2001)
Sidheswaran, P.; Bhat, A.N.: Recovery of amorphous silica in pure form from rice husk. Trans. Indian Ceram. Soc. 55(4), 93–96 (1996)
Saudi, H.A.; Salem, S.M.; Mohammad, S.S.; Mostafa, A.G.; Hassaan, M.Y.: Utilization of pure silica extracted from rice husk and FTIR structural analysis of the prepared glasses. Am. J. Phys. Appl. 3(3), 97–105 (2015)
Rafiee, E.; Shahebrahimi, S.; Feyzi, M.; Shaterzadeh, M.: Optimization of synthesis and characterization of nanosilica produced from rice husk (a common waste material). Int. Nano Lett. 2(1), 29 (2012)
Adam, F.; Appaturi, J.N.; Iqbal, A.: The utilization of rice husk silica as a catalyst: review and recent progress. Catalysis Today 190, 2–14 (2012)
Jyoti, P.N.: Preparation and Characterization of Bioactive Silica-based Ceramics Derived from Rice Husk Ash. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Ceramic Eng. - National Institute of Technology, Rourkela (2010)
Anggoro, D.D.; Purbasari, A.: The optimization of production zeolite Y catalyst from RHA by response surface methodology. Reaktor 12(3), 14–18 (2009)
Rahman, M.M.; Hasnida, N.; Wan Nik, W.B.: Preparation of zeolite Y using local raw material rice husk as a silica source. J. Sci. Res. 1(2), 285–291 (2009)
Saceda, J.J.F.; De Leon, R.L.; Rintramee, K.; Prayoonpokarach, S.; Wittayakun, J.: Properties of silica from rice husk and rice husk ash and their utilization for zeolite Y synthesis. Quimica Para Um Mundo Melhor 34(8), 1394–1397 (2011)
Rahman, M.M.; Awang, M.B.; Yusof, A.M.: Preparation of pure silica oxide (\(\text{ SiO }_{2})\) and zeolite-Y from rice husk as an ion exchange for emergency water treatment system using in flood affected area. Adv. Mater. Res. Trans. Tech Publ. Switz. 445, 821–826 (2012)
Mohamed, R.M.M.; Mkhalid, I.A.A.; Salam, M.A.; Barakat, M.A.A.; Salam, M.Abdel: Zeolite Y from rice husk ash encapsulated with \(\text{ Ag-TiO }_{2}\): characterization and applications for photocatalytic degradation catalysts. Desalin. Water Treat. 51(40–42), 7562–7569 (2013)
Rosman, N.; Harun, Z.; Bin Wahab, M.S.; Hubadillah, S.K.; Aminudin, N.N.: Phase transformation of rice husk ash in the synthesis of NaY zeolite: effect of ageing in short crystalline duration. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 8(15), 152–159 (2013)
Salama, T.M.; Ali, I.O.; Gumaa, H.A.; Lateef, M.A.; Bakr, M.F.: Novel synthesis of NaY zeolite from rice husk silica: modification with Zno and Zns for antibacterial application. Chem. Sci. J. 7(1), 1–9 (2016)
Azizi, S.N.; Ghasemi, S.; Kavian, S.: Synthesis and characterization of NaX nanozeolite using stem sweep as silica source and application of Ag-modified nanozeolite in electrocatalytic reduction of \(\text{ H }_{2}\text{ O }_{2}\). Biosens. Bioelectron. 62, 1–7 (2014)
Abbasian, S.; Taghizadeh, M.: Effects of microwave and ultrasonic-assisted aging on the synthesis of H-ZSM-5 nanozeolite and its catalytic performance in methanol dehydration. Int. J. Chem. Reactor Eng. 12(1), 355–362 (2014)
Mirzababaei, S.N.; Taghizadeh, M.; Alizadeh, E.: Synthesis of surfactant-modified ZSM-5 nanozeolite for the removal of nickel (II) from aqueous solution. Desalin. Water Treat. 57(26), 12204–12215 (2015)
Zhu, M.X.; Fu, Y.; Yin, H.; Feng, Y.; Shen, L.; Wang, A.; Li, J.; Ni, W.; Xie, X.: Selective chlorination of Toluene to \(p\)-Chlorotoluene catalyzed by nanosized zeolite K-L catalysts. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 15(8), 6150–6159 (2015)
Esmaeili, A.; Far, F.M.: Synthesis of granular nanozeolite NaA from Phragmites australis for removal of total petroleum hydrocarbon. Water Qual. Res. J. Can. 51(4), 307–320 (2016)
Al-Zaidi, B.Y.; Holmes, R.J.; Garforth, A.A.: Study of the relationship between framework cation levels of Y zeolites and behavior during calcination, steaming, and n-Heptane cracking processes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51(19), 6648–6657 (2012)
Kumar, A.; Mohanta, K.; Kumar, D.; Parkash, Om: Properties and industrial applications of rice husk: a review. Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng. 2(10), 86–90 (2012)
Nittaya, T.; Apinon, N.: Preparation of nanosilica powder from rice husk ash by precipitation method. Chiang Mai J. Sci. 35, 206–211 (2008)
Krishnarao, R.; Subrahmanyam, J.; Kumar, T.J.: Studies on the formation of black particles in rice husk silica ash. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 21(1), 99–104 (2001)
Real, C.; Alcala, D.; Maria, C.; Jose, M.: Preparation of silica from rice husks. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 79(8), 2012–2016 (2008)
Ikram, N.; Akhter, M.: X-ray diffraction analysis of silicon prepared from rice husk ash. J. Mater. Sci. 23(7), 2379–2381 (1988)
Ojha, k; Pradhan, N.C.; Samanta, A.N.: Zeolite from fly ash: synthesis and characterization. Bull. Mater. Sci. 27(6), 555–564 (2004)
Scott, M.A.; Kathleen, A.C.; Brabir, K.D.: Handbook of Zeolite Science and Technology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York (2003)
Matti, A.H.; Surchi, K.M.: Comparison the properties of zeolite NaY synthesized by different procedures. Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. 3(6), 2319–8753 (2014)
Sharma, P.; Yeo, J.; Kim, D.K.; Cho, C.H.: Organic additive free synthesis of mesoporous naon-crystalline NaA zeolite using high concentration inorganic precursors. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 2838 (2012)
Das, S.K.; Mahanta, S.P.; Bania, K.K.: Oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol by zeolite-Y supported homo- and hetero-metallic trinuclear acetate clusters. RSC Adv. 4, 51496–51509 (2014)
Deka, J.; Satyanarayana, L.; Karunakar, G.V.; Bhattacharyya, P.K.; Bania, K.K.: Chiral modification of copper exchanged zeolite-Y with cinchonidine and its application in the asymmetric Henry reaction. The Royal Society of. R. Soc. Chem. 44, 20949–20963 (2015)
Liu, J.; Ying, P.; Xin, Q.; Li, C.: Basic sites of Y zeolite characterized by the adsorption of boric acid trim-ethyl ester. Zeolites 19, 197–199 (1997)
Ramsaran, A.: Desilicated ZSM-5 Zeolite as Catalyst for the Dehydration of Ethanol. Ph.D. Thesis – Concordia University (1996)
Weitkamp, J.; Puppe, L.: Catalysis and Zeolites: Fundamentals and Applications. Springer, New York (1999)
Kotrel, S.; Knözinger, H.; Gates, B.C.: The Haag–Dessau mechanism of protolytic cracking of Alkanes. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 35–36(3), 11–20 (2000)
Acknowledgements
We are indebted to the Petroleum Research and Development Center—Ministry of Oil in the Republic of Iraq, for full financial support of this project. We would like to acknowledge the assistance of the laboratory staff in both Chemical Engineering Departments at the University of Technology and the University of Baghdad where the majority of this research was conducted. Our great appreciation is also given to our colleagues in the Chemical Engineering—University of Sheffield, and the glassware manufacturing plant in the University of Manchester—UK, for their assistance in providing the research facilities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saleh, N.J., Al-Zaidi, B.Y.S. & Sabbar, Z.M. A Comparative Study of Y Zeolite Catalysts Derived from Natural and Commercial Silica: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Performance. Arab J Sci Eng 43, 5819–5836 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-3014-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-3014-0