Skip to main content
Log in

Adaptive Difference Expansion-Based Reversible Data Hiding Scheme for Digital Images

  • Research Article - Computer Engineering and Computer Science
  • Published:
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this research paper, an adaptive difference expansion-based reversible data hiding technique with the capability of embedding either three bits or two bits or one bit for each pixel and which can deal with color image is presented. To embed and extract data, the proposed technique has some salient features such as its capability to control the embedding capacity by using three global embedding parameters. These parameters are computed using the statistics of the embedded pixel surrounding pixels. Also, the data embedding steps in the proposed scheme can be reversed to completely retrieve the cover image free from any deformation. Furthermore, in the proposed technique, no reference images or memorization of the embedded pixel positions are needed in the data extraction process. A course of experiments is conducted, and the results demonstrated that the proposed technique outperforms other similar techniques in terms of payload capacity and PSNR.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Rafat K.F., Sher M.: Secure digital steganography for ASCII text documents. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 38, 2079–2094 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Chhajed G.J., Deshmukh K.V., Kulkarni T.S.: Review on binary image steganography and watermarking. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. (IJCSE) 3(11), 3645–3651 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Yang, H.; Hwang, K.F.: Reversible data hiding for color BMP image based on block difference histogram. In: International Conference on Electronics Communications and Control (ICECC 2011), pp. 257–260, Ningbo, China, 9–11 Sept (2011)

  4. Fridrich J., Goljan M., Rui D.: Lossless data embedding new paradigm in digital watermarking. Spec. Issue Emerg. Appl. Multimed. Data Hiding 2, 185–196 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Celik, M.U.; Sharma, G.; Tekalp, A.M.; Saber, E.: Reversible data hiding. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Image Processing, Rochester, NY, USA, vol. 2, pp. 157–160, 24–26 Sept (2002)

  6. WU X.: Lossless compression of continuous-tone images via context selection, quantization, and modeling. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 6(5), 656–664 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Li, B.; He, J.; Huang, J.; Shi, Y.Q.: A survey on image steganography and steganalysis. J. Inf. Hiding Multimed. Signal Process. 2(2), 142–172 (2011)

  8. Hussain, M.; Hussain, M.: Survey of image steganography techniques. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol. 54, 113–124 (2013)

  9. Huang, C.-H.; Lee, C.-C.; Wu, H.-C.; Wang, C.-M.: Lossless data hiding for color images. In: 8th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, vol. 3, pp. 632–637, 26–28 (2008)

  10. De Vleeschouwer C., Delaigle J.E., Macq B.: Circular interpretation of bijective transformations in lossless watermarking for media asset management. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 5(1), 97–105 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Uchiyama, F.; Miyazaki, A.: An image watermarking method using the lifting wavelet transform. In: Intelligent Signal Processing and Communications, ISPACS, pp. 155–158, 12–15 Dec (2006)

  12. Lu C.S., Huang S.K., Sze C.J., Mark Liao H.Y.: Cocktail watermarking for digital image protection. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 2(4), 209–224 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lu C.S., Chen J.R., Fan K.C.: Real time frame dependent video watermarking in VLC domain. Signal Process. Image Commun. 20(7), 624–642 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Chang C.C., Tsai P.Y., Lin M.H.: SVD-based digital image watermarking scheme. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 26(10), 1577–1586 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Chung K.L., Yang W.N., Huang Y.H., Wu S.T., Hsu Y.C.: On SVD-based watermarking algorithm. Appl. Math. Comput. 188(1), 54–57 (2007)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Podilchuk C.I., Zeng Wenjun.: Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 16(4), 525–539 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Khan, R.; Ghafoor, A.; Rao, N.I.: A blind image adaptive watermarking scheme for audio using wavelet transform. In: 2009 International Conference on Digital Image Processing, pp.67–71, 7–9 March (2009)

  18. Castillo, E.; Parrilla, L.; Garcia, A.; Meyer-Baese, U.; Botella, G.; Lloris, A.: Automated signature insertion in combinational logic patterns for HDL IP core protection. In: 4th Southern conference on programmable logic, pp. 183–186, 26–28 March (2008)

  19. Chuang T.J., Lin J.C., Tsai W.H.: A new efficient approach to image hiding by digit number transformation. Pattern Recognit. Image Anal. 10(3), 309–314 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Irvine J., Harle D.: Data Communications and Networks: An Engineering Approach. Wiley, New York (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Li S.L., Leung K.C., Cheng L.M., Chan C.K.: Data hiding in images by adaptive LSB substitution based on the pixel-value differencing. Innov. Comput. Inf. Control 3, 58–61 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Wu D.C., Tsai W.H.: Spatial domain image hiding using image differencing. IEEE Proc. Vis. Image Signal Process. 147(1), 29–37 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Chung K.L., Shen C.H., Chang L.C.: A novel SVD and VQ-based image hiding scheme. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 22(9), 1051–1058 (2001)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Chang C.C., Chen G.M., Lin M.H.: Information hiding based on search-order coding for VQ indices. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 25(11), 1253–1261 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Gkizeli M., Pados D.A., Medley M.J.: Optimal signature design for spread spectrum steganography. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 16(2), 391–405 (2007)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  26. Marvel L.M., Boncelet C.G., Retter C.T.: Spread spectrum image steganography. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 8, 1075–1083 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Tian J.: Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 13(8), 890–896 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Tian, J.: Reversible watermarking by difference expansion. In: Processing of Workshop on Multimedia and Security, pp. 19–22, December (2002)

  29. Awrangjeb, M.: An Overview of Reversible Data Hiding. ICCIT, Jahangirnagar University, pp.75–79, Bangladesh, 19–21 Dec (2003)

  30. Nosrati M., Karimi R., Hariri M.: Reversible data hiding: principles, techniques, and recent studies. World Appl. Program. 2(5), 349–353 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Jin H.L.: Lossless data hiding in the spatial domain for high quality images. Inst. Electron. Inf. Commun. Eng. Trans. Fundam. E 90(A), 771–777 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Raj P., Sreekumar K.: A survey on reversible data hiding in encrypted image. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Inf. Technol. 5(6), 7748–7751 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Fridrich, J.; Goljan, M.: Lossless data embedding for all image formats. In: Proceedings SPIE Proceedings Photonics West, Electronic Imaging, Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, San Jose, CA, USA, vol. 4675, pp. 572–583 (2002)

  34. Anuradha, C.; Lavanya, S.: A Secure and Authenticated Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images. © 2013, IJARCSSE.

  35. Lee, C.-W.; Tsai, W.-H.: A Lossless Data Hiding Method by Histogram Shifting Based on an Adaptive Block Division Scheme. © 2010 River Publishers

  36. Tzu-Chuen L., Chin-Chen C.: Lossless nibbled data embedding scheme based on difference expansion. Image Vis. Comput. 26, 632–638 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Chrysochos E., Fotopoulos V., Skodras A.N.: A new difference expansion transform in triplets approach for reversible data hiding. Int. J. Comput. Math. 88(10), 2016–2025 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  38. Alattar A.M.: Reversible watermark using the difference expansion of a generalized integer transform. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 13(8), 1147–1156 (2004)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  39. Hsiao J.Y., Chan K.F., Chang J.M.: Block-based reversible data embedding. Signal Process. 89(4), 556–569 (2009)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  40. Hu Y.J., Lee H.K., Chen K.Y.D.: Difference expansion based reversible data hiding using two embedding direction. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 10(8), 1500–1512 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Narasimmalou, T.; Allen Joseph, R.: Discrete wavelet transform based steganography for transmitting images. In: Science And Management (lCAESM), pp. 370–375, IEEE, Villupuram, India, 30–31 March (2012)

  42. Jagan Naveen V., Lakshmi Prasanthi A., Vijaya Santhi G.: Image compression using DCT and wavelet transformations. Int. J. Signal Process. Image Process. Pattern Recognit. 4(3), 61–77 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Wang Z., Bovik A.C., Sheikh H.R., Simoncelli E.P.: Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 13(4), 600–612 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Osama S. Faragallah.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

El-sayed, H.S., El-Zoghdy, S.F. & Faragallah, O.S. Adaptive Difference Expansion-Based Reversible Data Hiding Scheme for Digital Images. Arab J Sci Eng 41, 1091–1107 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-015-1956-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-015-1956-7

Keywords

Navigation