Abstract
Storm surges are cataclysmic natural disasters that occur along the coasts and are usually accompanied by large waves. The effects of coupled storm surges and waves can pose a significant threat to coastal security. Previous laboratory studies on the effects of storm surges and waves on coastal structures have typically utilized steady water levels and constant wave elements. An indoor simulation of the coupled processes of tides and waves is developed by adding a tide generation system to an existing laboratory wave basin to model continuous dynamic tide levels so that tide generation and wave-making occur synchronously in the pool. Specific experimental methods are given, which are applied to further study waves overtopping on artificial sea dikes and coastal flooding evolution under the coupled actions of tides and waves. The results of the overtopping discharge obtained by the test with a dynamic water level are compared with those obtained from steady water level tests and the existing empirical formula. In addition, the impacts of ecological coastal shelterbelts and structures on coastal flood processes and distributions are also investigated. The proposed simulation methods provide a new approach for studying the effects of storm surges and waves on coastal areas. The study also aims to provide a reference for coastal protective engineering.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Battjes, J.A. and Gerritsen, H., 2002. Coastal modelling for flood defence, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 360(1796), 1461–1475.
Besley, P., 1999. Wave Overtopping of Seawalls, Design and Assessment Manual, HR Wallingford Ltd., London.
Briganti, R., Bellotti, G., Franco, L., De Rouck, J. and Geeraerts, J., 2005. Field measurements of wave overtopping at the rubble mound breakwater of Rome-Ostia yacht harbour, Coastal Engineering, 52(12), 1155–1174.
Chen, X.X., Hofland, B. and Uijttewaal, W., 2016. Maximum overtopping forces on a dike-mounted wall with a shallow foreshore, Coastal Engineering, 116, 89–102.
EurOtop, 2018. Manual on Wave Overtopping of Sea Defences and Related Structures, An Overtopping Manual Largely Based on European Research, but for Worldwide Application.www.overtopping-manual.com. [2021/09/19]
Formentin, S.M., Zanuttigh, B. and Van der Meer, J.W., 2017. A neural network tool for predicting wave reflection, overtopping and transmission, Coastal Engineering Journal, 59(1): 1750006–1–1750006–31.
Hiraishi, T., 2008. Effectiveness of coastal forests in mitigating tsunami hazards, Proceedings of ISME and ITTO Mangrove Ecosystems Proceedings, Okinawa, Japan, 65–73.
Hoque, A., Husrin, S. and Oumeraci, H., 2018. Laboratory studies of wave attenuation by coastal forest under storm surge, Coastal Engineering Journal, 60(2), 225–238.
Hughes, S.A. and Nadal, N.C., 2009. Laboratory study of combined wave overtopping and storm surge overflow of a levee, Coastal Engineering, 56(3), 244–259.
Idier, D., Bertin, X., Thompson, P. and Pickering, M.D., 2019. Interactions between mean sea level, tide, surge, waves and flooding: mechanisms and contributions to sea level variations at the coast, Surveys in Geophysics, 40(6), 1603–1630.
Kerpen, N.B., Daemrich, K.F., Lojek, O. and Schlurmann, T., 2020. Effect of variations in water level and wave steepness on the robustness of wave overtopping estimation, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(2), 63.
Kweon, H.M., Lee, Y.Y. and Cho, H.Y., 2005. Expected overtopping probability considering real tide occurrence, Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, 25(1B), 1–5. (in Korean)
Li, J., Hou, Y.J., Liu, Q.R., Jiang, T. and Jiao, Y., 2021. Research on the impact of typhoon “Lekima” on storm surges in the Bohai sea, Marine Forecasts, 38(1), 34–42. (in Chinese)
Li, L., Pan, Y., Amini, F. and Kuang, C.P., 2012. Full scale study of combined wave and surge overtopping of a levee with RCC strengthening system, Ocean Engineering, 54, 70–86.
Ministry of transport of the People’s Republic of China, 2015. Code of Hydrology for Harbour and Waterway, JTS 145-2015, China Communications Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China, 2021. Technical Code of Modelling Test for Port and Waterway Engineering, JTS/T 231-2021, China Communications Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
OCDI, 2020. Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan, OCDI, Japan.
Pan, J.N., Wang, S.P., Sun, T.T., Chen, M.W. and Wang, D.T., 2019a. Experimental study on inner slope failure mechanism of seawall by coupling effect of storm surge and wave, Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 37(6), 1912–1920.
Pan, Y., Zhang, Z., Yuan, S.Y., Zhou, Z.J. and Chen Y.P., 2019b. An overview of research on combined wave and surge overtopping on levees, Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources, 39(1), 90–94. (in Chinese)
Pullen, T., Allsop, W., Bruce, T. and Pearson, J., 2009. Field and laboratory measurements of mean overtopping discharges and spatial distributions at vertical seawalls, Coastal Engineering, 56(2), 121–140.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 2009. Coastal Engineering Manual, USACE, New York.
Van der Meer, J.W. and Janssen, J.P.F.M., 1994. Wave Run-Up and Wave Overtopping at Dikes and Revetments, Delft hydraulics, Delft.
Van Gent, M.R.A., Wolters, G. and Van der Werf, I.M., 2016. Rock slopes with open filters under wave loading: effects of storm duration and water level variations, Proceedings of 35th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE, Antalya, Turkey.
Van Gent, M.R.A. and Van der Werf, I.M., 2019. Influence of oblique wave attack on wave overtopping and forces on rubble mound breakwater crest walls, Coastal Engineering, 151, 78–96.
Wenneker, I., Spelt, B., Peters, H. and De Ronde, J., 2016. Overview of 20 years of field measurements in the coastal zone and at the Petten sea dike in the Netherlands, Coastal Engineering, 109, 96–113.
Wolf, J., 2009. Coastal flooding: impacts of coupled wave-surge-tide models, Natural Hazards, 49(2), 241–260.
Xie, D.M., Zou, Q.P., Anthony, M. and MacRae, J.D., 2019. Coastal flooding from wave overtopping and sea level rise adaptation in the northeastern USA, Coastal Engineering, 150, 39–58.
Zhang, J.X. and Liu, H., 2017. Modeling of waves overtopping and flooding in the coastal reach by a non-hydrostatic model, Procedia IUTAM, 25, 126–130.
Funding
This study was financially supported by the NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund Key Project (Grant No. U1706216), the Innovative Research Foundation of Ship General Performance (Grant No. 31422118) and the Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Public Research Institutes (Grant Nos. Y220013 and Y222004).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, Yt., Zeng, Cj., Yi-han, Z. et al. Experimental Study of Overtopping on Sea Dikes and Coastal Flooding Under the Coupled Processes of Tides and Waves. China Ocean Eng 36, 413–426 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13344-022-0037-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13344-022-0037-4