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The Japanese version of Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale: a clinical and research tool to assess emotional functioning among people with diabetes

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Abstract

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to develop the Japanese version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale, a measure of emotional adjustment to diabetes that has been translated into Japanese by our group.

Materials and methods

A total of 418 Japanese people with diabetes attending our outpatient clinic participated (n = 65 type 1 and n = 353 type 2). We assessed the internal reliability of the PAID, examined correlations of the PAID with conceptually related psychosocial constructs, evaluated mean differences in the PAID between diabetes treatment groups, and examined correlations of the PAID with diabetes self-care behaviours and selected treatment outcomes.

Results

Results showed that the PAID had excellent reliability (Cronbach alpha = 0.934). The PAID correlated significantly with the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (r = −0.593, p < 0.0001) and the positive wellbeing (r = −0.396, p < 0.0001), negative wellbeing (r = −0.640, p < 0.0001) and energy (r = −0.444, p < 0.0001) subscales of the Wellbeing Questionnaire. Adherence to diet was negatively correlated with PAID score (r = −0.263, p < 0.0001). The frequency of recent hypoglycemia and number of chronic complications (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) were positively correlated with PAID scores. PAID was weakly correlated with HbA1c (r = 0.13, p = 0.01).

Conclusions

In conclusion, the Japanese version of the PAID demonstrated good internal reliability and evidence of concurrent and discriminant validity. The PAID measures the impact of diabetes, diabetes treatment and treatment outcomes on the emotions of people with diabetes. The results provide encouraging evidence for the clinical utility of the PAID in Japanese people with diabetes.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available, because they contain information that could compromise research participant privacy.

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Prof. Alan Jacobson, Prof. Claire Bradley and Prof. William Polonsky for their very valuable advice on this study.

Funding

Funding to support this study was received from Eli Lilly Japan K.K

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology, Tenri Hospital, 200 Mishima-Cho, Tenri City, Nara, 632-8552, Japan

    Yasuaki Hayashino & Satoru Tsujii

  2. Department of General Medicine and Community Health Science, Hyogo Medical University, Sasayama Medical Center, 5 Kurooka, Tambasasayama, Hyogo, 669-2321, Japan

    Masashi Goto

  3. Department of Diabetes, Heartlife Clinic, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0101, Japan

    Toshikazu Yamamoto

  4. Department of Doctor-Patient Relationships, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan

    Hitoshi Ishii

Authors
  1. Yasuaki Hayashino
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  2. Masashi Goto
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  3. Toshikazu Yamamoto
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  4. Satoru Tsujii
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  5. Hitoshi Ishii
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yasuaki Hayashino.

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Conflict of interest

YH has received honoraria from Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Behringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., and Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.. HI has received honoraria from Eli Lilly Japan, Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Merck & Co., Inc. and Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd. MG, TY, and ST declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical considerations

When the Japanese version of the PAID study was conducted, it was not common for research to be reviewed by an ethics committee, and studies were conducted without ethics committee approval. Shortly thereafter, it became necessary to obtain approval from an ethics committee to conduct clinical research. For this reason, we have been hesitant to submit the results of this study for publication. When we discussed this with the Ethics Committee of Tenri Hospital, we were told that if we applied to the Ethics Committee for approval as a study using data collected in the past, they would approve it, and so we decided to formally submit the paper as a paper. The study protocol, which conforms to the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethical Guidelines for Clinical/Epidemiological Studies of the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Boards of Tenri Hospital on 14 December 2022 (No. 1326).

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Hayashino, Y., Goto, M., Yamamoto, T. et al. The Japanese version of Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale: a clinical and research tool to assess emotional functioning among people with diabetes. Diabetol Int 15, 117–122 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-023-00661-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-023-00661-x

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