Abstract
Novel evidence has confirmed the involvement of dysregulated expression of HOX genes in cancer. HOX genes are a family of 39 transcription factors, divided in four clusters (HOXA to HOXD), that during normal development regulate cell proliferation and specific cell fate. The aim of this study was to investigate whether genes of the HOXC cluster might play a role in renal cancer. The expression of HOXC11 was detected through polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining, and we demonstrated that HOXC11 was significantly higher in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) compared to normal kidney tissue. We further demonstrated that HOXC11 overexpression in HK-2 human epithelial cell line promoted proliferation, whereas downregulation of HOXC11 endogenous levels in human RCC cells (Caki-2 cells) decreased proliferation. In RCC, expression of HOXC11 and Ki67, a marker of proliferation, correlates strongly with each other (r s = 0.47, p < 0.003). High immunohistochemical expression of HOXC11 was correlated with T stage (p = 0.06), N stage (p = 0.07), disease stage (p = 0.08), and Ki67 expression (p = 0.07), and patients with tumors showing high number of HOXC11-positive cells had shorter overall survival (p = 0.08) and shorter progression-free survival after treatment (p = 0.08) compared with patients with tumors exhibiting low amount of HOXC11-positive cells. Our data suggest that HOXC11 may contribute to RCC carcinogenesis by increasing tumor cell proliferation and imply that HOXC11 may be an important determinant of RCC patient prognosis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Miyamoto H, Miller JS, Fajardo DA, Lee TK, Netto GJ, Epstein JI, et al. Non-invasive papillary urothelial neoplasms: the 2004 WHO/ISUP classification system. Pathol Int. 2010;60:1–8.
Montironi R, Santinelli A, Pomante R, Mazzucchelli R, Colanzi P, Filho AL, et al. Morphometric index of adult renal cell carcinoma. Comparison with the Fuhrman grading system. Virchows Arch. 2000;437(1):82–9.
Robinson CM, Ohh M. The multifaceted von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor protein. FEBS Lett. 2014;588(16):2704–11.
Keefe SM, Nathanson KL, Rathmell WK. The molecular biology of renal cell carcinoma. Semin Oncol. 2013;40(4):421–8.
Philippidou P, Dasen JS. Hox genes: choreographers in neural development, architects of circuit organization. Neuron. 2013;80(1):12–34.
Del Bene F, Wittbrodt J. Cell cycle control by homeobox genes in development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2005;16(3):449–60.
Chen H, Sukumar S. Role of homeobox genes in normal mammary gland development and breast tumorigenesis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2003;8(2):159–75.
Samuel S, Naora H. Homeobox gene expression in cancer: insights from developmental regulation and deregulation. Eur J Cancer. 2005;41(16):2428–37.
Abate-Shen C. Deregulated homeobox gene expression in cancer: cause or consequence. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2(10):777–85.
Chen H, Sukumar S. HOX genes: emerging stars in cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2003;2(10):524–5.
Maeda K, Hamada J, Takahashi Y, Tada M, Yamamoto Y, Sugihara T, et al. Altered expressions of HOX genes in human cutaneous malignant melanoma. Int J Cancer. 2005;114(3):436–41.
Alharbi RA, Pettengell R, Pandha HS, Morgan R. The role of HOX genes in normal hematopoiesis and acute leukemia. Leukemia. 2013;27(5):1000–8.
Javed S, Langley SE. Importance of HOX genes in normal prostate gland formation, prostate cancer development and its early detection. BJU Int. 2014;113(4):535–40.
Cantile M, Franco R, Schiavo G, Procino A, Cindolo L, Botti G, et al. The HOX genes network in uro-genital cancers: mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(32):4872–84.
Zhang X, Hamada J, Nishimoto A, Takahashi Y, Murai T, Tada M, et al. HOXC6 and HOXC11 increase transcription of S100beta gene in BrdU-induced in vitro differentiation of GOTO neuroblastoma cells into Schwannian cells. J Cell Mol Med. 2007;11(2):299–306.
McIlroy M, McCartan D, Early S, Gaora OP, Pennington S, Hill AD, et al. Interaction of developmental transcription factor HOXC11 with steroid receptor coactivator SRC-1 mediates resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2010;70(4):1585–94.
Akbas GE, Taylor HS. HOXC and HOXD gene expression in human endometrium: lack of redundancy with HOXA paralogs. Biol Reprod. 2004;70(1):39–45.
Ficarra V, Galfano A, Mancini M, Martignoni G, Artibani W. TNM staging system for renal-cell carcinoma: current status and future perspectives. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8(6):554–8.
Bitu CC, Destro MF, Carrera M, da Silva SD, Graner E, Kowalski LP, et al. HOXA1 is overexpressed in oral squamous cell carcinomas and its expression is correlated with poor prognosis. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:146.
Gehring WJ, Kloter U, Suga H. Evolution of the Hox gene complex from an evolutionary ground state. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2009;88:35–61.
Mallo M, Vinagre T, Carapuço M. The road to the vertebral formula. Int J DevBiol. 2009;53(8–10):1469–81.
Kongsuwan K, Webb E, Housiaux P, Adams JM. Expression of multiple homeobox genes within diverse mammalian haemopoietic lineages. EMBO J. 1988;7(7):2131–8.
Christensen KL, Patrick AN, McCoy EL, Ford HL. The six family of homeobox genes in development and cancer. Adv Cancer Res. 2008;101:93–126.
Jin K, Sukumar S. BRCA1: linking HOX to breast cancer suppression. Breast Cancer Res. 2010;12(4):306.
Tripathi P, Guo Q, Wang Y, Coussens M, Liapis H, Jain S, et al. Midline signaling regulates kidney positioning but not nephrogenesis through Shh. Dev Biol. 2010;340(2):518–27.
Saxèn L. Organogenesis of the kidney. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press; 1987. p. 1–173.
Wu MY, Eldin KW, Beaudet AL. Identification of chromatin remodeling genes Arid4a and Arid4b as leukemia suppressor genes. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(17):1247–59.
Hur H, Lee JY, Yun HJ, Park BW, Kim MH. Analysis of HOX gene expression patterns in human breast cancer. Mol Biotechnol. 2014;56(1):64–71.
Walsh CA, Bolger JC, Byrne C, Cocchiglia S, Hao Y, Fagan A, et al. Global gene repression by the steroid receptor coactivator SRC-1 promotes oncogenesis. Cancer Res. 2014;74(9):2533–44.
Woo CJ, Kharchenko PV, Daheron L, Park PJ, Kingston RE. A region of the human HOXD cluster that confers polycomb-group responsiveness. Cell. 2010;140(1):99–110.
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to the faculty of Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University.
Conflicts of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Yu-Jun Liu and Yu Zhu contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, YJ., Zhu, Y., Yuan, HX. et al. Overexpression of HOXC11 homeobox gene in clear cell renal cell carcinoma induces cellular proliferation and is associated with poor prognosis. Tumor Biol. 36, 2821–2829 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2909-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2909-6