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In Vitro Validation of 4D Flow MRI for Local Pulse Wave Velocity Estimation

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Abstract

Purpose

Arterial stiffness has predictive value for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Local artery stiffness can provide insight on CVD pathology and may be useful for diagnosis and prognosis. However, current methods are invasive, require real-time expertise for measurement, or are limited by arterial region. 4D Flow MRI can non-invasively measure local stiffness by estimating local pulse wave velocity (PWV). This technique can be applied to vascular regions, previously accessible only by invasive stiffness measurement methods. MRI PWV data can also be analyzed post-exam. However, 4D Flow MRI requires validation before it is used in vivo to measure local PWV.

Methods

PWV, calculated from 4D Flow MRI and a benchtop experiment, was compared with petersons elastic modulus (PEM) of in vitro models. PEM was calculated using high-speed camera images and pressure transducers. Three transit-time algorithms were analyzed for PWV measurement accuracy and precision.

Results

PWV from 4D Flow MRI and reference benchtop experiments show strong correlation with PEM (R2 = 0.99). The cross correlation transit-time algorithm showed the lowest percent difference between 4D Flow MRI and benchtop experiments (4–7%), and the point to point of 50% upstroke algorithm had the highest transit-time vs. distance data average R2 (0.845).

Conclusion

4D Flow MRI is a feasible method for estimating local PWV in simple in vitro models and is a viable tool for clinical analysis. In addition, choice in transit-time algorithm depends on flow waveform shape and arterial region. This study strengthens the validity of 4D Flow MRI local PWV measurement in simple models. However, this technique requires validation in more complex models before it is used in vivo.

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Conflict of interest

Timothy Ruesink, David Rutkowski, Rafael Medero and Alejandro Roldán-Alzate declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Research Involving Human and Animal Participants

No human studies were carried out by the authors for this article. No animal studies were carried out by the authors for this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    Timothy Ruesink, Rafael Medero, David Rutkowski & Alejandro Roldán-Alzate

  2. Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    Alejandro Roldán-Alzate

  3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    Alejandro Roldán-Alzate

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  1. Timothy Ruesink
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Correspondence to Timothy Ruesink.

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Associate Editors David A. Steinman, Francesco Migliavacca, and Ajit P. Yoganathan oversaw the review of this article.

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Ruesink, T., Medero, R., Rutkowski, D. et al. In Vitro Validation of 4D Flow MRI for Local Pulse Wave Velocity Estimation. Cardiovasc Eng Tech 9, 674–687 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13239-018-00377-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13239-018-00377-z

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