Abstract
Hybrid males that inherit haploid set of chromosomes along with Hybrid male rescue, (Hmr+) gene from D. melanogaster mother and an autosomal set with Lethal hybrid rescue, (Lhr+) gene from D. simulans father, die at the larval/pupal transition phase due to insufficient growth of imaginal disc tissues. Comparable pattern reminiscent of hybrid F1female lethality was noted when D. melanogaster compound females were crossed with D. simulans males. The lethality is suppressed when the hybrids inherit one mutant allele of hybrid incompatibility gene (either Lhr−, or Hmr−) from either of the parent. In order to better understand the cause of lethality of F1 hybrids at larval stage, the imaginal discs development of lethal hybrids were examined and compared with those of ‘rescued’ hybrids with Lhr− and parental species. The study revealed the following major findings: (a) when hybrid male and female larvae carry only D. melanogaster X chromosome(s) in presence of both Lhr+ and Hmr+ genes, broad-ranging cell death reaction was induced in the disc tissues and eventually death of the hybrid larvae, (b) when hybrid females carry the X chromosome of both species in the background of maternal cytoplasm of D. melanogaster, the frequency of cell death in the discs was reduced significantly and discs were able to metamorphose, (c) when hybrid males and females inherit one set of autosome from Lhr null strain of D. simulans, the frequency of non-apoptotic cell death in the discs was suppressed significantly and discs development were restored, although the discs displayed fluctuating asymmetric of development. To understand the defects in the chromosomal organization associated with abnormal development of the ‘rescued’ hybrids, the functional organization of the polytene chromosomes of the ‘rescued’ hybrids were examined. It was noted that incomplete pairing of the autosomes of two species along with abnormal X chromosomal telomeric structure may have some bearing on developmental defects of the ‘rescued’ hybrids. From the results it is suggested that (1) cell death reaction in the imaginal discs of the larval lethal hybrids may be the result of divergent lineage of maternal and paternal sets of chromosomes in zygote in presences of two species specific mediator genes, Lhr+, and Hmr+, (2) suppression of larval lethality, in absence of Lhr function, indicated that the non-apoptotic type of cell death factor in the disc cells was controlled genetically by the two mediator genes in the disc cells, (3) re-specification of compartmental organization of paternal segment polarity genes in ‘rescued’ hybrid discs might cause non-random tissue damages and eventually the apoptotic type of cell death resulting into asymmetric development of the appendages in hybrids. In sum, our data revealed that cell death reaction in imaginal discs, associated with larval lethality in hybrids was a developmentally controlled program, through incompatible interactions between species specific mediator genes, Lhr+, Hmr+ and D. melanogaster X chromosome and the pattern of cell death reaction in the discs was different from apoptosis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acharyya M, Chatterjee RN. Expression patterns of developmental genes in male and female reproductive system in Drosophila melanogaster. Entom. 2001;26:164–72.
Agnes F, Suzanne M, Noselli S. The Drosophila JNK pathway controls the morphogenesis of imaginal discs during metamorphosis. Development. 1999;126:5453–82.
Arias C, Fussero G, Zaeharonok M, Macias A. Dpp expressing and non-expressing cells: Two different populations of growing cells in Drosophila. PLoS ONE. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/Journal.Pone.0121457.
Bachtrog D. Positive selection at the binding sites of the Male-Specific Lethal Complex involved in dosage compensation in Drosophila. Genetics. 2008;180:1123–9.
Barbash DA. Ninety years of Drosophila melanogaster hybrids. Genetics. 2010;186:1–8.
Barbash DA, Awadalla P, Tarone AM. Functional divergence caused by ancient positive selection of Drosophila hybrid incompatibility locus. PLoS Biol. 2004;2(6):e142.
Benitez S, Sosa C, Tomasini N, Macias A. Both JNK and apoptosis pathways regulates growth and terminalia rotation during Drosophila genital discs development. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 2010;54:643–53.
Blythe SA, Wieschaus EF. Establishment and maintenance of heritable chromatin structure during early Drosophila embryogenesis. Elife. 2016;5:e20148. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20148.
Bolkan BJ, Booker R, Goldberg ML, Barbash DA. Developmental and cell cycle progression defects in Drosophila hybrid males. Genetics. 2007;177:2233–41.
Bosco G, Campbell P, Leiva-Neto JT, Markow TA. Analysis of Drosophila species genome size and satellite DNA content reveals significant differences among strains as well as between species. Genetics. 2007;177:1277–90.
Brideau NJ, Barbash DA. Functional conservation of Drosophila hybrid incompatibility gene Lhr. BMC Evol. Biol. 2011;11:57.
Brideau NJ, Flores HA, Wang J, Maheshwari S, Wang X, Barbash DA. Two Dobzhansky-Muller genes interact to cause hybrid lethality in Drosophila. Science. 2006;314:1292–5.
Bryant PJ. Pattern formation in imaginal discs. In: Ashburner M, Wright TRF, editors. The genetics and biology of Drosophila. London: Academic Press; 1978. p. 229–335.
Chatterjee P, Banerjee S, Chatterjee RN (2008) Expression patterns of developmental genes in wing and leg imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster. In: Ramkrishna, Chatterjee RN (eds) Zoological Research in Human Welfare. Zoological Survey of India Publication, pp 245–257
Chatterjee RN. Dosage compensation and its roles in evolution of sex chromosomes and phenotypic dimorphism: lessons from Drosophila, C. elegans and mammals. Nucleus. 2017;60:315–33.
Chatterjee RN, Chatterjee P. Evolutionary origins of chromatin remodeling of dosage compensation: lessons from epigenetic modifications of X chromosomes in germ cells in Drosophila, C elegans and mammals. Nucleus. 2012;55:3–16.
Chatterjee RN, Chatterjee P, Pal A, Pal-Bhadra M. Drosophila simulanslethal hybrid rescue mutation ( Lhr) rescues inviable hybrids by restoring X chromosomal dosage compensation and causes fluctuating asymmetry of development. J Genet. 2007;86:203–15.
Chatterjee RN, Chatterjee R, Ghosh S. Heterochromatin-binding proteins regulate male X polytene chromosome morphology anddosage compensation: an evidence from a variegated rearranged strain [In (1)BM 2,(rv)] and its interactions with hyperploids and mle mutation in Drosophila melanogaster. Nucleus. 2016;59:141–54.
Chatterjee RN, Chatterjee C, Kuthe S, Acharyya-Ari M, Chatterjee R. Intersex (ix) mutations of Drosophila melanogaster cause nonrandom cell death in genital discs can induce tumerous in genitals in response to decapentaplegic (dppdisk) mutations. J Genet. 2015;94:207–20.
Chen EH, Baker BS. Compartmental organization of the Drosophila genital discs. Development. 1997;124:205–18.
Cohen SN. Imaginal disc development. In: Bate M, editor. Cold spring. New Delhi: Harbor Press; 1993. p. 747–841.
Deshpande N, Meller VH. Chromatin that guides dosage compensation is modulated by the siRNA pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics. 2018;209:1085–97.
DiBartolomeis SM, Tartof KD, Jackson FR. A superfamily of Drosophila satellite related (SR) DNA repeats restricted to the X chromosome euchromatin. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992;20:1113–6.
Epper F, Sanchez L. Effect of engrailed in the genital disc of Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol. 1983;100:387–98.
Erickson JW, Cline TW. A bZIP protein, sisterless-a collaborates with bHLH transcription factors early in Drosophila development to determine sex. Genes Dev. 1993;7:1688–702.
Freeland DM, Kuhn DT. Expression patterns of developmental genes reveal segment and parasegment organization of Drosophila melanogaster genital discs. Mech Dev. 1996;56:61–72.
Ferree PM, Barbash DA. Species-specific heterochromatin prevents mitotic chromosome segregationto cause hybrid lethality in Drosophila. PLoS Biol. 2009;7:e1000234.
Fly Base Consortium. The Fly Base data base of the Drosophila genome projects and community literature. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003;31:172–5.
Gerland TA, Sun B, Smialowski P, Lukacs A, Thomae AW, et al. The Drosophila speciation factor HMR localizes to genomic insulator sites. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0171798.
Hutter P, Ashburner M. Genetic rescue of inviable hybrids between Drosophila melanogaster and its sibling species. Nature. 1987;327:331–3.
Hamm DC, Harrison MM. Regulatory principles governing the maternal-to-zygotic transition: insights from Drosophila melanogaster. Open Biol. 2018;8:180183. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.180183.
Jagannathan M, Warsinger-Pepe N, Watase GJ, Yamashita YM. Comparative analysis of satellite DNA in the Drosophila melanogaster species complex. G3 (Bethesda). 2017;7:693–704. https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.116.035352.
Jan YN, Ghysen A, Christoph I, Barbel S, Jan LY. Formation of neuronal pathways in the imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster. The J Neurosci. 1985;5:2453–64.
Johnstone O, Lasko P. Translational regulation and RNA localization in Drosophila oocytes and embryos. Annu Rev Genet. 2001;35:365–406.
Klebes A, Biehs B, Cifuentes F, Kornberg TB. Expression profiling Drosophila imaginal discs. Genome Biol. 2002;3(0038–0038):16.
Kuhn GCS, Kuttler H, Moreira-Filho O, Heslop-Harrison JS. The 1688 Repetitive DNA of drosophila: concerted evolution at different genomic scales and association with genes. Mol Biol Evol. 2012;29:7–11.
Lindsley DL, Zimm G. The genome of Drosophila melanogaster. San Diego: Academic Press; 1992.
Lohe AR, Brutlag DL. Identical satellite DNA sequences insibling species of Drosophila. J Mol Biol. 1987;194:161–70.
Lohe A, Roberts P. Evolution of satellite DNA sequences in Drosophila. In: Verma RS, editor. Heterochromatin, molecular and structural aspects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1988. p. 148–186.
Lohe AR, Hilliker AJ, Roberts PA. Mapping simple repeated DNA sequences in heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics. 1993;134:1149–74.
Lu X, Shapiro JA, Ting CT, Li Y, Li C, et al. Genome-wide misexpression of X-linked versus autosomal genes associated with hybrid male sterility. Genome Res. 2010;20:1097–102.
Maheswari S, Barbash DA. The genetics of hybrid incompatibilities. Annu Rev Genet. 2011;45:331–55.
Mattila J, Omelyanchuk L, Kyttala S, Turunen H, Nokkala S. Role of Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signaling in the wound healing and regeneration of a Drosophila melanogaster wing imaginal disc. Int J Dev Biol. 2005;49:391–9.
Milan M, Campuzano S, García-Bellido A. Developmental parameters of cell death in the wing disc of Drosophila. Dev Biol Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1997;94:5691–6.
Mino M, Maekawa K, Ogawa K, Yamagish H, Inoue M. Cell death processes during expression of hybrid lethality in interspecific F1 hybrid between Nicotinagossei Domain and Nicotianatabaum. Plant physiol. 2002;130:1776–877.
Orr HA. Does postzygotic isolation result from improper dosage compensation? Genetics. 1989;122:891–4.
Orr HA, Madden LD, Coyne JA, Goodwin R, Hawley RS. The developmental genetics of hybrid inviability: a mitotic defect in Drosophila hybrids. Genetics. 1997;145:1031–40.
Pal K, Forcato M, Jost D, Sexton T, Vaillant C, Salviato E, Mazza EMC, Lugli E, Cavalli G, Ferrari F. Global chromatin conformation differences in the Drosophila dosage compensated chromosome X. Nature Commun. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13350-8.
Pal Bhadra M, Bhadra U, Birchler JA. Misregulation of Sex-lethal and disruption of male-specific lethal complex localization in Drosophila species hybrids. Genetics. 2006;174:1151–9.
Palmer AR. Fluctuating asymmetry analyses: a primer. In: Markow TA, editor. Developmental instability: its origins and evolutionary implications. Dordrechet: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1994.
Palmer AR, Strobeck C. Fluctuating asymmetry: measurement, analysis, patterns. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1986;17:391–421.
Pegueroles G, Papaceit M, Quintana A, Guillén A, Prevosti A, Serra L. An experimental study of evolution in progress: clines for quantitative traits in colonizing and Palearctic populations of Drosophila. Evol Ecol. 1995;9:453–65.
Pierre WW, Morra R, Lucchesi J, Yedvobnick BA. Male-specific effect of dominant-negative Fos. Develop Dyn. 2008;237:3361–72.
Ranz JM, Namgyal K, Gibson G, Hartl DL. Anomalies in the expression profile of interspecifichybrids of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans. Genome Res. 2004;14:373–9.
Ray M, Acharyya M, Chatterjee RN. Expression of engrailed and wingless genes in the imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster- D. simulans hybrids. Entom. 2001;26:159–63.
Reiland J, Noor MAF. Little qualitative RNA misexpression in sterile male F1 hybrids of Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis. BMC Evolut Biol. 2002;2:16.
Robertson FW, Reeve E. Studies of quantitative inheritance. I. The effects of selection of wing and thorax length in Drosophila melanogaster. J Genet. 1952;50:414–48.
Rodriguez MA, Vermaak D, Bayes JJ, Malik HS. Species-specific positive selection of the male-specific lethal complex that participates in dosage compensation in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2007;104:15412–7.
Sainz A, Wilder JA, Wolf M, Hollocher H. Drosophila melanogaster and D simulans rescue strains produce fit offspring, despite divergent centromere-specific histone alleles. Heredity. 2003;91:28–35.
Sanchez L, Dübendorfer A. Development of imaginal discs from lethal hybrids between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila mauritiana. Rouxs Arch Dev Biol. 1983;192:48–50.
Sanchez L, Santamaria P. Reproductive isolation and morphogenetic evolution in Drosophila analyzed by breakage of ethological barriers. Genetics. 1997;147:231–42.
Sanchez L, Casares F, Gorfinkiel N, Guerrero I. The genital disc of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Role of the genes hedgehog, decapentaplegic and wingless. Dev Genes Evol. 1997;207:229–41.
Satyaki PRV, Cuykendall TN, Wie KHC, Brideau NJ, Kwak H, Aruna S, Ferree PM, Ji S, Barbash DA. The Hmr and Lhr hybrid incompatibility genes suppress a broad range of heterochromatic repeats. PLoS Genet. 2014;10:e1004240.
Sawamura K. The origin of reproductive isolation: biological mechanisms of genetic incompatibility. In: Kato M, editor. The biology of biodiversity. Tokyo: Springer; 1999. p. 3–19.
Sawamura K, Yamamoto M. Cytogenetical localization of Zygotic hybrid rescue (Zhr), a Drosophila melanogaster gene that rescues interspecific hybrids from embryonic lethality. Mol Gen Genet. 1993;239:441–9.
Sawamura K, Taira T, Watanabe TK. Hybrid lethal systems in the Drosophila melanogaster species complex. I. The maternal hybrid rescue (mhr) gene of Drosophila simulans. Genetics. 1993;133:299–305.
Sawamura K, Watanabe TK, Yamamoto M-T. Hybrid lethal systems in the Drosophila melanogaster species complex. Genetica. 1993;88:175–85.
Sawamura K, Yamamoto MT, Watanabe TK. Hybrid lethal systems in the Drosophila melanogasterspecies complex. II. The zygotic hybrid rescue (Zhr) gene of D. melanogaster. Genetics. 1993;133:307–13.
Shrestha S, Oh D-H, McKowen JK, Dassanayake M, Hart CM. 4C-seq characterization of Drosophila BEAF binding regions provides evidence for highly variable long- distance interactions between active chromatin. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(9):e0203843.
Sokoloff A. Morphological variation in natural and experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis. Evolution. 1966;20:49–71.
Tadros W, Lipshitz HD. The maternal-to-zygotic transition: a play in two acts. Development. 2009;136:3033–42.
Thomae AW, Schade GO, Padeken J, Borath M, Vetter I, Kremmer E, Imhof A. A pair of centromeric proteins mediates reproductive isolation in Drosophila species. Develop Cell. 2013;27(4):412–24.
Usakin L, Abad J, Vagin VV, de Pablos B, Villasante A, et al. Transcription of the 1.688 satellite DNA family is under the control of RNA interference machinery in Drosophila melanogaster ovaries. Genetics. 2007;176:1343–9.
Watanabe TK. A gene that rescues the lethal hybrids between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. Jpn Genet. 1979;54:325–31.
Wieschaus E, Sweeton D. Requirements for X linked zygotic gene activity during cellularization of early Drosophila embryos. Development. 1988;104:483–93.
Wu J, Xu J, Liu B, Yao G, et al. Chromatin analysis in human early development reveals epigenetic transition during ZGA. Nature. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0080-8.
Xia W, Xu J, Yu G, Yao G, et al. Resetting histone modifications during human parental –to-zygotic transition. Science. 2019;365:353–60. https://doi.org/10.1126/Scie.aaw5118.
Zecca M, Basler K, Sturuhl G. Sequential organizing activities of engrailed, hedgehog and decapentaplegic in Drosophila wing. Development. 1995;121:2265–78.
Acknowledgements
The work was supported by UGC Emeritus Fellowship [Sanction No. F. 6-6/2015-17/EMERITUS-2015-17-GEN-5478(SA-II) dt.21.09.2015] to RNC. Authors are thankful to Dr. D. Barbash, Cornell University, USA for facilitating Lhr and In(1)AB, w stocks and Dr. Isabel Guerrero, Spain for X gal stocks,
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Corresponding Editor: U. C. Lavania.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chatterjee, R.N., Kuthe, S. & Chatterje, P. Hybrid larval lethality of Drosophila is caused by parent-of-origin expression: an insight from imaginal discs morphogenesis of Lhr pausing rescue hybrids of D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Nucleus 64, 61–78 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13237-020-00327-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13237-020-00327-y