Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Supercritical carbon dioxide-assisted process in synthesis of polymer/clay melt

  • Reviews
  • Published:
Macromolecular Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nanocomposites are currently being used in a number of fields, and new applications are continuously being developed including mechanical and biomaterial devices, as well as various in solar and fuel cells applications. Generally, the synthesis of polymer nanocomposites are done using solution chemistry, and this may raise serious concerns regarding air and water pollutions. Immediately, the ‘green’ method using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) has grabbed the attention of researchers who are responsible to synthesize polymer composites by non-hazardous routes. Extrusion processes would benefit from the use of scCO2 since the rationale of the extrusion process is to formulate, provide texture and shape molten polymers by forcing them through a die. ScCO2 has been used in several studies as a medium of clay dispersion in polymer matrix by providing a solvent-free fabrication route for nanocomposites. Furthermore, it has more favorable interactions with polymers compared to other inert gases and has the ability to be dissolve in large quantities. It acts as a plasticizer, which modifies viscosity and interfacial properties of the polymer drastically. In this paper, experimental and theoretical studies of solubility and viscosity of several polymer melts in clay are discussed in detail. The assistance of scCO2 in clay dispersion and as a foaming agent has been reviewed extensively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. P. Aranda and E. Ruiz-hitzky, Chem. Mater., 4, 1395 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. S. Horsch, G. Serhatkulu, E. Gulari, and R. M. Kannan, Polymer, 47, 7485 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. S. S. H. Rizvi, S. J. Mulvaney, and A. S. Sokhey, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 6, 209 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  4. K. Yang and R. Ozisik, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 43, 515 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Y. Haldorai, J.-J. Shim, and K. T. Lim, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 71, 45 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. S. P. Nalawade, F. Picchioni, and L. P. B. M. Janssen, Prog. Polym. Sci., 31, 19 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. O. Muth, T. Hirth, and H. Vogel, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 17, 65 (2000).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. M. Rätzsch, H. Bucka, A. Hesse, and M. Arnold, J. Macromol. Sci. Part A, 33, 913 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  9. F. Su and H. Huang, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 56, 114 (2011).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. D.-C. Li, T. Liu, L. Zhao, and W.-K. Yuan, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 60, 89 (2011).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Z. Dong, Z. Liu, B. Han, X. Pei, L. Liu, and G. Yang, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 31, 67 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Z. Liu, L. Song, X. Dai, G. Yang, B. Han, and J. Xu, Polymer, 43, 1183 (2002).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Y.-M. Wang, Y.-J. Wang, and X.-B. Lu, Polymer, 49, 474 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  14. G.-S. Tong, T. Liu, G.-H. Hu, L. Zhao, and W.-K. Yuan, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 43, 64 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Z. Liu, Z. Dong, B. Han, J. Wang, J. He, and G. Yang, Chem. Mater., 14, 4619 (2002).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. K. Cao, Z. Shen, Z. Yao, B. Qu, X. Pang, Z. Lu, Y. Li, and Z. Chen, Chem. Eng. Sci., 65, 1621 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. T. Liu, G.-H. Hu, G. Tong, L. Zhao, G. Cao, and W. Yuan, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 4292 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. M. Soares da Silva, R. Viveiros, M. B. Coelho, A. Aguiar-Ricardo, and T. Casimiro, Chem. Eng. Sci., 68, 94 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. M. Drobek, J. Motuzas, V. Durand, M. Duchateau, C. Charmette, A. Hertz, C. Loubat, and A. Julbe, J. Memb. Sci., 429, 428 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. H. Adachi, K. Taki, S. Nagamine, A. Yusa, and M. Ohshima, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 49, 265 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. C. A. García-González, A. Vega-González, A. M. López-Periago, P. Subra-Paternault, and C. Domingo, Acta Biomater., 5, 1094 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  22. M. R. Mauricio, F. C. G. Manso, M. H. Kunita, D. S. Velasco, A. C. Bento, E. C. Muniz, G. M. de Carvalho, and A. F. Rubira, Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., 42, 757 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  23. P. Svoboda, K. Trivedi, D. Svobodova, K. Kolomaznik, and T. Inoue, Polym. Test., 31, 444 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. J. Chen, T. Liu, W. Yuan, and L. Zhao, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 77, 33 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. K.-H. Kim, Z.-H. Shon, H. T. Nguyen, and E.-C. Jeon, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1369 (2011).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. C. Balsiger, C. Holliger, and P. Höhener, Chemosphere, 61, 361 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. International Geophysics, Vol. 71, Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere, Elsevier, New York, 2000, pp 264–345.

    Google Scholar 

  28. J. S. Colton and N. P. Suh, Polym. Eng. Sci., 27, 500 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. W. Zhai, J. Yu, L. Wu, W. Ma, and J. He, Polymer, 47, 7580 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. X.-L. Jiang, T. Liu, Z.-M. Xu, L. Zhao, G.-H. Hu, and W.-K. Yuan, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 48, 167 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. D. F. Baldwin, C. B. Park, and N. P. Suh, Polym. Eng. Sci., 36, 1437 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. D. F. Baldwin, C. B. Park, and N. P. Suh, Polym. Eng. Sci., 36, 1446 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. S. T. Lee, L. Kareko, and J. Jun, J. Cell. Plast., 44, 293 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. S. Pilla, S. G. Kim, G. K. Auer, S. Gong, and C. B. Park, Polym. Eng. Sci., 49, 1653 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Y. Di, S. Iannace, E. Di Maio, and L. Nicolais, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 290, 1083 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. D. Li, T. Liu, L. Zhao, X. Lian, and W. Yuan, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 50, 1997 (2011).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. T. Miyata and T. Masuko, Polymer, 39, 5515 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. A. Wong, S. N. Leung, G. Y. G. Li, and C. B. Park, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 46, 7107 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. L.-Q. Xu and H.-X. Huang, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 53, 2277 (2014).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. J. Yang, L. Huang, Y. Zhang, F. Chen, P. Fan, M. Zhong, and S. Yeh, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 52, 14169 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. C. B. Park and N. P. Suh, Polym. Eng. Sci., 36, 34 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. A. Shariati and C. J. Peters, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 7, 371 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Y. Hakuta, H. Hayashi, and K. Arai, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 7, 341 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. H. Okamoto and K. Danjo, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 60, 433 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. N. Foster, R. Mammucari, F. Dehghani, A. Barrett, K. Bezanehtak, E. Coen, G. Combes, L. Meure, A. Ng, H. L. Regtop, and A. Tandya, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42, 6476 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. S.-D. Yeo and E. Kiran, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 34, 287 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. S. M. Pourmortazavi and S. S. Hajimirsadeghi, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 6523 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. A. Martín and M. J. Cocero, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 60, 339 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  49. I. Pasquali and R. Bettini, Int. J. Pharm., 364, 176 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. K. Byrappa, S. Ohara, and T. Adschiri, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 60, 299 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. A. Tabernero, E. M. Martín del Valle, and M. A. Galán, Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif., 60, 9 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. I. Kikic, M. Lora, and A. Bertucco, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 37, 1577 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. A. Blasig, C. Shi, R. M. Enick, and M. C. Thies, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41, 4976 (2002).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Y. Chernyak, F. Henon, R. B. Harris, R. D. Gould, R. K. Franklin, J. R. Edwards, J. M. DeSimone, and R. G. Carbonell, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40, 6118 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. B. Kongsombut, A. Tsutsumi, N. Suankaew, and T. Charinpanitkul, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48, 11230 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. A. K. Lele and A. D. Shine, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 33, 1476 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. G.-T. Liu and K. Nagahama, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35, 4626 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. M. J. Meziani, P. Pathak, W. Wang, T. Desai, A. Patil, and Y.-P. Sun, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 4594 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. A. Montes, A. A. Litwinowicz, U. Gradl, M. D. Gordillo, C. Pereyra, and E. J. Martínez de la Ossa, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 53, 474 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  60. R. Salinas-Hernández, F. A. Ruiz-Treviño, C.-H. Ortiz-Estrada, G. Luna-Bárcenas, Y. Prokhorov, J. F. J. Alvarado, and I. C. Sanchez, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48, 769 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  61. A. Sane and M. C. Thies, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 19688. (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Y.-P. Sun, R. Guduru, F. Lin, and T. Whiteside, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 4663 (2000).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Y.-P. Sun, H. W. Rollins, and R. Guduru, Chem. Mater., 11, 7 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  64. R. Thakur and R. B. Gupta, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 7380 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Q. L. Suo, W. Z. He, Y. C. Huang, C. P. Li, H. L. Hong, Y. X. Li, and M. Da Zhu, Powder Technol., 154, 110 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. A.-Z. Chen, Y. Li, F.-T. Chau, T.-Y. Lau, J.-Y. Hu, Z. Zhao, and D. K. Mok, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 49, 394 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. A.-Z. Chen, L. Li, S.-B. Wang, C. Zhao, Y.-G. Liu, G.-Y. Wang, and Z. Zhao, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 67, 7 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. E. Franceschi, A. M. De Cesaro, S. R. S. Ferreira, and J. Vladimir Oliveira, J. Food Eng., 95, 656 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. D. L. Boschetto, I. Dalmolin, A. M. de Cesaro, A. A. Rigo, S. R. S. Ferreira, M. A. A. Meireles, E. A. C. Batista, and J. Vladimir Oliveira, Ind. Crops Prod., 50, 352 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Y.-Z. Zhang, X.-M. Liao, G.-F. Yin, P. Yuan, Z.-B. Huang, J.-W. Gu, Y.-D. Yao, and X.-C. Chen, Powder Technol., 221, 343 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. H. Jin, S. Li, D. Hu, and Y. Zhao, Powder Technol., 227, 17 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. F. R. S. Machado Jr,_D. F. Reis, D. L. Boschetto, J. F. M. Burkert, S. R. S. Ferreira, J. V. Oliveira, and C. A. V. Burkert, Ind. Crops Prod., 54, 17 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Y. Kang, G. Yin, P. Ouyang, Z. Huang, Y. Yao, X. Liao, A. Chen, and X. Pu, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 322, 87 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. D. Hu, C. Lin, L. Liu, S. Li, and Y. Zhao, J. Food Eng., 109, 545 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. E. Franceschi, A. M. De Cesaro, M. Feiten, S. R. S. Ferreira, C. Dariva, M. H. Kunita, A. F. Rubira, E. C. Muniz, M. L. Corazza, and J. V. Oliveira, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 47, 259 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. A. Tabernero, E. M. Martín del Valle, and M. A. Galán, Powder Technol., 217, 177 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. G. H. Chong, R. Yunus, T. S. Y. Choong, N. Abdullah, and S. Y. Spotar, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 60, 69 (2011).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. N. Ventosa, S. Sala, and J. Veciana, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 26, 33 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. E. N. Lay, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 55, 223 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  80. M. Rossmann, A. Braeuer, S. Dowy, T. G. Gallinger, A. Leipertz, and E. Schluecker, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 66, 350 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. K. Chen, X. Zhang, J. Pan, W. Zhang, and W. Yin, Powder Technol., 152, 127 (2005).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. M.-W. Park and S.-D. Yeo, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 90, 2202 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. S. A. B. V. de Melo, L. T. Danh, R. Mammucari, and N. R. Foster, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 93, 112 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  84. B. Yu. Shekunov, J. Baldyga, and P. York, Chem. Eng. Sci., 56, 2421 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. S.-J. Park and S.-D. Yeo, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 47, 85 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. E. Reverchon, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 15, 1 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. S.-C. Chang, M.-J. Lee, and H.-M. Lin, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 40, 420 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. V. J. Pereira, R. L. Matos, S. G. Cardoso, R. O. Soares, G. L. Santana, G. M. N. Costa, and S. A. B. Vieira de Melo, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 81, 128 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Y. Bakhbakhi, S. Alfadul, and A. Ajbar, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 48, 30 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. E. Elizondo, A. Córdoba, S. Sala, N. Ventosa, and J. Veciana, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 53, 108 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. D. J. Jarmer, C. S. Lengsfeld, and T. W. Randolph, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 27, 317 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. I.-H. Lin, P.-F. Liang, and C.-S. Tan, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 51, 384 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. K. Wu and J. Li, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 46, 211 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. S. Mawson, S. Kanakia, and K. P. Johnston, Polymer, 38, 2957 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. S. Kunastitchai, L. Pichert, N. Sarisuta, and B. W. Müller, Int. J. Pharm., 316, 93 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. K. Moribe, M. Fukino, Y. Tozuka, K. Higashi, and K. Yamamoto, Int. J. Pharm., 380, 201 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. H.-H. Jeong, K.-P. Yoo, and J. S. Lim, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 14, 77 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. W. Yu, F. Xia, H. Jin, C. Lin, Y. Zhao, S. Jiang, and L. He, Chinese J. Chem. Eng., 16, 956 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. H. Steckel, L. Pichert, and B. W. Müller, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 57, 507 (2004).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. J. Bleich, B. W. Müller, and W. Waßmus, Int. J. Pharm., 97, 111 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. J. Bleich, P. Kleinebudde, and B. W. Müller, Int. J. Pharm., 106, 77 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. A. Engwicht, U. Girreser, and B. W. Müller, Int. J. Pharm., 185, 61 (1999).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. M. Fraile, Ÿ. Martín,_D. Deodato, S. Rodriguez-Rojo, I. D. Nogueira, A. L. Simplício, M. J. Cocero, and C. M. M. Duarte, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 81, 226 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  104. J.-H. Yun, S.-M. Lee, J.-N. Park, and B.-S. Chun, APCBEE Procedia, 2, 22 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. M. Brion, S. Jaspart, L. Perrone, G. Piel, and B. Evrard, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 51, 50 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. J.-H. Yun, H.-Y. Lee, A. K. M. Asaduzzaman, and B.-S. Chun, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 19, 686 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. E. de Paz, Á. Martín, and M. J. Cocero, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 72, 125 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  108. E. J. Park, A. P. Richez, N. A. Birkin, H. Lee, N. Arrowsmith, K. J. Thurecht, and S. M. Howdle, Polymer, 52, 5403 (2011).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Y.-M. Wang, Y. Pan, Y.-L. Wang, G.-P. Wu, Y.-J. Wang, L. N. Nikitin, and X.-B. Lu, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 44, 62 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. K. S. Oh, W. Bae, and H. Kim, Eur. Polym. J., 44, 415 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. P. O’Connor, R. Yang, W. M. Carroll, Y. Rochev, and F. Aldabbagh, Eur. Polym. J., 48, 1279 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  112. H. S. Hwang, W.-K. Lee, S.-S. Hong, S.-H. Jin, and K. T. Lim, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 39, 409 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. H. S. Ganapathy, H. S. Hwang, Y. T. Jeong, W.-K. Lee, and K. T. Lim, Eur. Polym. J., 43, 119 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Z. Wang, Y. J. Yang, Q. Dong, T. Liu, and C. P. Hu, Polymer, 47, 7670 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. H. Yuvaraj, H. S. Hwang, W. S. Kim, H. G. Kim, E. D. Jeong, and K. T. Lim, Eur. Polym. J., 44, 2253 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. C. W. Manke, E. Gulari, D. F. Mielewski, and E. C. Lee, US Patent 6,469,073 BI (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  117. D. F. Mielewski, E. C. Lee, C. W. Manke, and W. Gulari, US Patent 6,753,360 B2 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  118. M. Garcia-Leiner and A. J. Lesser, ANTEC Conference Proceedings, Society of Plastics Engineers, Nashville, 2, 1528 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  119. D. L. Tomasko, X. Han, D. Liu, and W. Gao, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 7, 407 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. S. S. Ray and M. Okamoto, Prog. Mater. Sci., 28, 1539 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. S. S. Ray, K. Okamoto, and M. Okamoto, Macromolecules, 36, 2355 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. J. Ma, E. Bilotti, T. Peijs, and J. A. Darr, Eur. Polym. J., 43, 4931 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. E. Bilotti, H. R. Fischer, and T. Peijs, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 107, 1116 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. L. Urbanczyk, C. Calberg, F. Stassin, M. Alexandre, R. Jérôme, C. Jérôme, and C. Detrembleur, Polymer, 49, 3979 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. M. Devalckenaere, R. Je, C. Henrist, and P. Dubois, Polymer, 44, 2033 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  126. C. Broekaert, S. Peeterbroeck, S. Benali, F. Monteverde, L. Bonnaud, M. Alexandre, and P. Dubois, Eur. Polym. J., 43, 4160 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. L. Urbanczyk, F. Ngoundjo, M. Alexandre, C. Jérôme, C. Detrembleur, and C. Calberg, Eur. Polym. J., 45, 643 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. S. Doroudiani, C. B. Park, and M. T. Kortschot, Polym. Eng. Sci., 36, 2645 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. T. T. Van Ngo,_J. Duchet-Rumeau, A. K. Whittaker, and J.-F. Gerard, Polymer, 51, 3436 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  130. S. Horsch, G. Serhatkulu, E. Gulari, and R. M. Kannan, Polymer, 47, 7485 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. A. Tsimpliaraki, I. Tsivintzelis, S. I. Marras, I. Zuburtikudis, and C. Panayiotou, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 57, 278 (2011).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. N. Le Moigne, M. Sauceau, M. Benyakhlef, R. Jemai, J.-C. Benezet, E. Rodier, J.-M. Lopez-Cuesta, and J. Fages, Eur. Polym. J., 61, 157 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  133. S. Lee, D. Shim, and J. Lee, Macromol. Res., 16, 6 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. W. Zhai, T. Kuboki, L. Wang, C. B. Park, E. K. Lee, and H. E. Naguib, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 49, 9834 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. M. Nofar, K. Majithiya, T. Kuboki, and C. B. Park, J. Cell. Plast., 48, 271 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. M. A. Treece and J. P. Oberhauser, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 103, 884 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. X. Han, C. Zeng, L. J. Lee, K. W. Koelling, and D. L. Tomasko, Polym. Eng. Sci., 43, 1261 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Q. T. Nguyen and D. G. Baird, Polymer, 48, 6923 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. C. Chen, J. Samaniuk, D. G. Baird, G. Devoux, M. Zhang, R. B. Moore, and J. P. Quigley, Polymer, 53, 1373 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. K. Goren, O. B. Okan, L. Chen, L. S. Schadler, and R. Ozisik, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 67, 108 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. A. Tsimpliaraki, I. Tsivintzelis, S. I. Marras, I. Zuburtikudis, and C. Panayiotou, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 81, 86 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. I. Tsivintzelis, E. Pavlidou, and C. Panayiotou, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 42, 265 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. S. K. Goel and E. J. Beckman, Polym. Eng. Sci., 34, 1137 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. E. Kiran, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 54, 308 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. W. Liu, X. Wang, H. Li, Z. Du, and C. Zhang, J. Cell. Plast., 49, 535 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. M. Keshtkar, M. Nofar, C. B. Park, and P. J. Carreau, Polymer, 55, 4077 (2014).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Y. Fujimoto, S. S. Ray, M. Okamoto, A. Ogami, K. Yamada, and K. Ueda, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 24, 457 (2003).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. S. Gogolewski, M. Jovanovic, S. M. Perren, J. G. Dillon, and M. K. Hughes, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 40, 13 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  149. D. H. S. Ramkumar and M. Bhattacharya, Polym. Eng. Sci., 38, 1426 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. L. Cabedo, D. Plackett, E. Giménez, and J. M. Lagarón, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 112, 3669 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. P. Bordes, E. Hablot, E. Pollet, and L. Avérous, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 94, 789 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. H. Zhao, Z. Cui, X. Sun, L.-S. Turng, and X. Peng, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 52, 2569 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. H. Zhao, Z. Cui, X. Wang, L.-S. Turng, and X. Peng, Compos. Part B Eng., 51, 79 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. A. Javadi, Y. Srithep, C. C. Clemons, L.-S. Turng, and S. Gong, J. Mater. Res., 27, 1506 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. L. Urbanczyk, F. Ngoundjo, M. Alexandre, C. Jérôme, C. Detrembleur, and C. Calberg, Eur. Polym. J., 45, 643 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. K. C. Baker, M. Manitiu, R. Bellair, C. A. Gratopp, H. N. Herkowitz, and R. M. Kannan, Acta Biomater., 7, 3382 (2011).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. H. Zhao, Z. Cui, X. Wang, L.-S. Turng, and X. Peng, Compos. Part B Eng., 51, 79 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. K. T. Lee, S. Lim, Y. L. Pang, H. C. Ong, and W. T. Chong, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 45, 54 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  159. S. Saka and D. Kusdiana, Fuel, 80, 225 (2001).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. E. Stahl, E. Schuetz, and H. K. Mangold, J. Agric. Food Chem., 28, 1153 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. N. M. Niza, K. T. Tan, K. T. Lee, and Z. Ahmad, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 79, 73 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. D. Kusdiana and S. Saka, Bioresour. Technol., 91, 289 (2004).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. S. Suwito, G. Dragone, H. Sulistyo, B. Murachman, S. Purwono, and J. Teixeira, Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 6, 210 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. W. Liu, B. Zhang, Y. Li, Y. He, and H. Zhang, Appl. Surf. Sci., 292, 142 (2014).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. E. Kikuchi, Y. Kikuchi, and M. Hirao, J. Clean. Prod., 19, 414 (2011).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. M. G. Bernardo-Gil, I. M. G. Lopes, M. Casquilho, M. A. Ribeiro, M. M. Esquível, and J. Empis, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 40, 344 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. G. Vasapollo, L. Longo, L. Rescio, and L. Ciurlia, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 29, 87 (2004).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. H. Rajaei, A. Amin, A. Golchehre, and F. Esmaeilzadeh, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 67, 1 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. H. Wijngaard, M. B. Hossain, D. K. Rai, and N. Brunton, Food Res. Int., 46, 505 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. J. Viganó, A. P. D. F. Machado, and J. Martínez, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 96, 272 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  171. M. S. Ekinci and M. Gürü, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 92, 319 (2014).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. J. L. Pasquel Reátegui, A. P. da_F. Machado, G. F. Barbero, C. A. Rezende, and J. Martínez, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 94, 223 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  173. L. B. Roseiro, L. C. Duarte, D. L. Oliveira, R. Roque, M. G. Bernardo-A. I. Martins, C. Sepúlveda, J. Almeida, M. Meireles, F. M. Gírio, and A. P. Rauter, Ind. Crops Prod., 47, 132 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. A. M. Farías-Campomanes, M. A. Rostagno, and M. A. A. Meireles, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 77, 70 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  175. H. I. Castro-Vargas, P. Benelli, S. R. S. Ferreira, and F. Parada-Alfonso, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 76, 17 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. J. Omar, I. Alonso, A. Garaikoetxea, and N. Etxebarria, Food Anal. Methods, 6, 1244 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  177. M. Plaza, V. Abrahamsson, and C. Turner, J. Agric. Food Chem., 61, 5500 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. L. C. Cardoso, C. M. Serrano, E. T. Quintero, C. P. López, R. M. Antezana, and E. J. de la Ossa, Molecules, 18, 3137 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. D. T. Santos, P. C. Veggi, and M. A. A. Meireles J. Food Eng., 108, 444 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. H. Wijngaard and N. Brunton, J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, 10625 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. H. Lü, M. Ren, M. Zhang, and Y. Chen, Chinese J. Chem. Eng., 21, 551 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  182. J. M. Prado, L. A. Follegatti-Romero, T. Forster-Carneiro, M. A. Rostagno, F. Maugeri Filho, and M. A. A. Meireles, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 86, 15 (2014).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. N. Mezzomo, J. Martínez, M. Maraschin, and S. R. S. Ferreira, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 74, 22 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. V. Treyvaud Amiguet, K. L. Kramp, J. Mao, C. McRae, A. Goulah, L. E. Kimpe, J. M. Blais, and J. T. Arnason, Food Chem., 130, 853 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. A. C. Aguiar, J. V Visentainer, and J. Martínez, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 71, 1 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. N. Mezzomo, E. de Paz, M. Maraschin, Á. Martín, M. J. Cocero, and S. R. S. Ferreira, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 66, 342 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. H.-Y. Shin, S.-H. Lee, J.-H. Ryu, and S.-Y. Bae, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 61, 134 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. V. F. Marulanda, G. Anitescu, and L. L. Tavlarides, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 54, 53 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. H. N. Bhatti, M. A. Hanif, M. Qasim, and Ata-ur-Rehman, Fuel, 87, 2961 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, TATI University College, 24000, Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia

    Norazlina Hashim

  2. Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia

    Kamal Yusoh

Authors
  1. Norazlina Hashim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kamal Yusoh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Norazlina Hashim.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hashim, N., Yusoh, K. Supercritical carbon dioxide-assisted process in synthesis of polymer/clay melt. Macromol. Res. 23, 403–417 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-015-3067-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-015-3067-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation