Abstract
Spondias mombin is used in the folk medicine for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery, indicating that extracts obtained from this species may present pharmacological activities against pathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of this work was to investigate the chemical composition and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from the leaves (aqueous) and bark (hydroethanolic) of S. mombin both as single treatments and in combination with conventional drugs. Following a qualitative chemical prospection, the extracts were analyzed by HPLC–DAD. The antimicrobial activities were evaluated by microdilution. The combined activity of drugs and extracts was verified by adding a subinhibitory concentration of the extract in the presence of variable drug concentrations. The Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was determined by a subculture of the microdilution test, while the effect of the in vitro treatments on morphological transition was analyzed by subculture in moist chambers. While the qualitative analysis detected the presence of phenols and flavonoids, the HPLC analysis identified quercetin, caffeic acid, and catechin as major components in the leaf extract, whereas kaempferol and quercetin were found as major compounds in the bark extract. The extracts showed effective antibacterial activities only against the Gram-negative strains. With regard to the combined activity, the leaf extract potentiated the action of gentamicin and imipenem (against Staphylococcus aureus), while the bark extract potentiated the effect of norfloxacin (against S. aureus), imipenem (against Escherichia coli), and norfloxacin (against Pseudomonas aeruginosa). A more significant antifungal (fungistatic) effect was achieved with the bark extract (even though at high concentrations), which further enhanced the activity of fluconazole. The extracts also inhibited the emission of filaments by Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Together, these findings suggest that that the extract constituents may act by favoring the permeability of microbial cells to conventional drugs, as well as by affecting virulence mechanisms in Candida strains.
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Abbreviations
- IPDs:
-
Infectious and parasitic diseases
- URCA:
-
Universidade Regional do Cariri
- HPLC-DAD:
-
High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector
- ATCC:
-
American type culture collection
- HIA:
-
Heart infusion agar
- BHI:
-
Brain heart infusion
- DMSO:
-
Dimethyl sulfoxide
- MIC:
-
Minimum inhibitory concentration
- INCQS:
-
Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde—National Institute of Quality Control in Health
- FIOCRUZ:
-
Fundação Instituto Osvaldo Cruz
- SDA:
-
Sabouraud dextrose agar
- SDB:
-
Sabouraud dextrose broth
- MFC:
-
Minimum fungicidal concentration
- IC50 :
-
Concentration that inhibits 50% of the microbial growth
- PDA:
-
Potato dextrose agar
- HCA:
-
Higher concentration assessed
- one-way ANOVA:
-
One-way analysis of variance
- CDRI:
-
Central Drug Research Institute
- AELSM:
-
Aqueous extract of the leaves of Spondias mombin
- HEBSM:
-
Hydroethanolic extract of the bark of Spondias mombin
- MDR:
-
Multidrug-resistant
- BAM complex:
-
β‐Barrel assembly machine complex
- SD:
-
Standard deviations
- FCZ:
-
Fluconazole
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The autthors are grateful to the brazilian research agencies FUNCAP, CAPES, CNPq and FINEP by the support of this work.
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Methodology—antimicrobial assays (MAF, RPC and ATLS); methodology—chemical analysis (AAB, JWAB and AJTM); methodology—statistical analysis (JFSS and TSF); supervision of work—(FABC and MFBMB); coordination of the project (HDMC, JGMC and MFBMB); resources (JER, CFB and MKNS); final draft of the manuscript (ACAMM and JRF).
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de Freitas, M.A., da Cruz, R.P., dos Santos, A.T.L. et al. HPLC–DAD analysis and antimicrobial activities of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae). 3 Biotech 12, 61 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-022-03126-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-022-03126-1