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Exploring the role of Azadirachta indica (neem) and its active compounds in the regulation of biological pathways: an update on molecular approach

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Abstract

In ethnomedicine, plant parts and compounds are used traditionally to treat different diseases. Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is the most versatile and useful medicinal plant ever found. Its every part is rich in bioactive compounds, which have traditionally been used to treat different ailments including infectious diseases. Bioactive compounds such as nimbolide, azarirachtin, and gedunin of neem are reported to have a tremendous ability to regulate numerous biological processes in vitro and in vivo. The present review article aims to explore the importance of neem extracts and bioactive compounds in the regulation of different biological pathways. We have reviewed research articles up to March 2020 on the role of neem in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, immunomodulatory, and apoptotic activities. Studies on the concerned fields demonstrate that the bioactive compounds and extracts of neem have a regulatory effect on several biological mechanisms. It has been unveiled that extensive research is carried out on limonoids such as nimbolide and azarirachtin. It is evidenced by different studies that neem extracts are the potential to scavenge free radicals and reduce ROS-mediated damage to cells. Neem can be used to normalize lipid peroxidation and minimize ROS-mediated cell death. Besides, neem extracts can significantly reduce the release of proinflammatory cytokines and elevate the count of CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells. This review indicates the pivotal roles of A. indica in the regulation of different biological pathways. However, future investigations on other bioactive compounds of neem may reveal different therapeutic potentials.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA

    Subendu Sarkar

  2. Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India

    Rajender Pal Singh

  3. Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences & Hospital, KP Mondal Road, Buita, Nishchintapur, Budge Budge, Kolkata, 700137, India

    Gorachand Bhattacharya

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  1. Subendu Sarkar
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  2. Rajender Pal Singh
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  3. Gorachand Bhattacharya
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SS, RPS, and GB have performed the literature search, data organization, and interpretation. SS, RPS, and GB have reviewed and constructed the manuscript. SS has written the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Subendu Sarkar.

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Sarkar, S., Singh, R.P. & Bhattacharya, G. Exploring the role of Azadirachta indica (neem) and its active compounds in the regulation of biological pathways: an update on molecular approach. 3 Biotech 11, 178 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02745-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02745-4

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