Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Bioactive molecules of probiotic bacteria and their mechanism of action: a review

  • Review Article
  • Published:
3 Biotech Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The bacteria residing in the gut environment do play a pivotal role in metabolic activities of the host. The metabolites produced by these bacteria affect the physiology and health of the host. The gut bacteria are exposed to environmental conditions where multiple factors such as lifestyle, stress, antibiotics, host genetics and infections have an influence on them. In case of pathogenesis of a disease, the gut bacterial composition is altered which leads to a diseased state. This stage is due to colonization of bacterial pathogens in the gut environment. The pathological condition can be alleviated by administering probiotic strains into the gut environment. The probiotic strains produce therapeutic molecules such as amino acids, vitamins, bacteriocins, enzymes, immunomodulatory compounds and short-chain fatty acids. This review discusses recent evidences of the impact of bioactive molecules produced by probiotic bacteria and their mechanism of action in the gut environment to maintain homeostasis and health of the host without any effect on beneficial bacteria sharing the same niche. In addition, the manufacturing challenges of probiotic products for various applications are discussed here.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

CFU:

Colony forming units

ANVISA:

National Sanitary Surveillance Agency

FOS:

Fructooligosaccharides

GOS:

Glucooligosaccharides

XOS:

Xylooligosaccharides

LAB:

Lactic acid bacteria

PPAR-γ:

Peroxisome proliferated activated receptor- γ

References

  • Amara AA, Shibl A (2015) Role of Probiotics in health improvement, infection control and disease treatment and management. Saudi Pharm J 23:107–114

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anwar MA, Kralj S, Pique AV, Leemhuis H, van der Maarel MJ, Dijkhuizen L (2010) Inulin and levan synthesis by probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri strains: characterization of three novel fructansucrase enzymes and their fructan products. Microbiology 156(4):1264–1274

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asrar FM, O’Connor DL (2005) Bacterially synthesized folate and supplemental folic acid are absorbed across the large intestine of piglets. J Nutr Biochem 16:587–593

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ates O (2015) Systems biology of microbial exopolysaccharides production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 3:200

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baye K, Guyot JP, Mouquet-Rivier C (2017) The unresolved role of dietary fibers on mineral absorption. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 57:949–957

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campana R, Van Hemert S, Baffone W (2017) Strain-specific probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria and their interference with human intestinal pathogens invasion. Gut Pathog 9:12

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cardenas N, Laino JE, Delgado S, Jimenez E, Del Valle MJ, De Giori GS, Sesma F, Mayo B, Fernandez L, LeBlanc JG, Rodriguez JM (2015) Relationships between the genome and some phenotypical properties of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716, a probiotic strain isolated from human milk. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:4343–4353

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cerdo T, Garcia-Santos JA, G Bermudez M, Campoy C (2019) The role of probiotics and prebiotics in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Nutrients 11:635

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee S, Datta S, Sharma S, Tiwari S, Gupta DK (2017) Health and environmental applications of gut microbiome: a review. Ecol Chem Eng S 24:467–482

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciarlo E, Heinonen T, Herderschee J, Fenwick C, Mombelli M, Le Roy D, Roger T (2016) Impact of the microbial derived short chain fatty acid propionate on host susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections in vivo. Sci Rep 6:37944

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Conlon M, Bird A (2015) The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health. Nutrients 7:17–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Corthesy B, Gaskins HR, Mercenier A (2007) Cross-talk between probiotic bacteria and the host immune system. J Nutr 137:781S–790S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa GN, Miglioranza LHS (2012) Probiotics: the effects on human health and current prospects. In: Rigobelo EC (ed) Probiotics. In Tech Open, London, pp 367–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Dai ZL, Wu G, Zhu WY (2011) Amino acid metabolism in intestinal bacteria: links between gut ecology and host health. Front Biosci 16:1768–1786

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dai C, Zheng CQ, Jiang M, Ma XY, Jiang LJ (2013) Probiotics and irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 19:5973

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dai Z, Wu Z, Hang S, Zhu W, Wu G (2015) Amino acid metabolism in intestinal bacteria and its potential implications for mammalian reproduction. MHR Basic Sci Reprod Med 21:389–409

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daliri EB, Lee BH (2015) New perspectives on probiotics in health and disease. Food Sci Hum Wellness 4:56–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalto D, Matte JJ (2017) Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and the glutathione peroxidase system; a link between one-carbon metabolism and anti oxidation. Nutrients 9:189

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • de Moura FA, Macagnan FT, da Silva LP (2015) Oligosaccharide production by hydrolysis of polysaccharides: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 50:275–281

    Google Scholar 

  • den Besten G, van Eunen K, Groen AK, Venema K, Reijngoud DJ, Bakker BM (2013) The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. J Lipid Res 54(9):2325–2340

    Google Scholar 

  • Derrien M, van Hylckama Vlieg JE (2015) Fate, activity, and impact of ingested bacteria within the human gut microbiota. Trends Microbiol 23:354–366

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson A, Cotter PD, Ross RP, Hill C (2012) Bacteriocin production: a probiotic trait. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:1–6

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dodd D, Spitzer MH, Van Treuren W, Merrill BD, Hryckowian AJ, Higginbottom SK, Le A, Cowan TM, Nolan GP, Fischbach MA, Sonnenburg JL (2017) A gut bacterial pathway metabolizes aromatic amino acids into nine circulating metabolites. Nature 551:648

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Drago L (2019) Probiotics and Colon. Cancer Microorg 7:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang H, Kang J, Zhang D (2017) Microbial production of vitamin B12: a review and future perspectives. Microb Cell Fact 16:15

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feng W, Ao H, Peng C (2018) Gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and herbal medicines. Front Pharmacol 9:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenster K, Freeburg B, Hollard C, Wong C, Rønhave Laursen R, Ouwehand AC (2019) The production and delivery of probiotics: a review of a practical approach. Microorganisms 7:83

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick TB, Basset GJ, Borel P, Carrari F, DellaPenna D, Fraser PD, Hellmann H, Osorio S, Rothan C, Valpuesta V, Caris-Veyrat C (2012) Vitamin deficiencies in humans: can plant science help? Plant Cell 24:395–414

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Guidelines for the evaluation of Probiotics in food. FAO; London, ON, Canada: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. 30 April–1 May 2002

  • Fukuda S, Toh H, Taylor TD, Ohno H, Hattori M (2012) Acetate-producing bifidobacteria protect the host from enteropathogenic infection via carbohydrate transporters. Gut Microbes 3:449–454

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geirnaert A, Calatayud M, Grootaert C, Laukens D, Devriese S, Smagghe G, De Vos M, Boon N, Van de Wiele T (2017) Butyrate-producing bacteria supplemented in vitro to Crohn’s disease patient microbiota increased butyrate production and enhanced intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Sci Rep 7:11450

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ghan KA, Elhafez EA, Hamouda RA (2014) Evaluation of antioxidant and antitumor activities of Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria isolated from Egyptian infants. Int J Pharmacol 10:282–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill PA, van Zelm MC, Muir JG, Gibson PR (2018) Short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Thera 48:15–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillor O, Etzion A, Riley MA (2008) The dual role of bacteriocins as anti- and probiotics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 81:591–606

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Govender M, Choonara YE, Kumar P, du Toit LC, van Vuuren S, Pillay V (2014) A review of the advancements in probiotic delivery: conventional vs. non-conventional formulations for intestinal flora supplementation. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech 15:29–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grzeskowiak L, Isolauri E, Salminen S, Gueimonde M (2011) Manufacturing process influences properties of probiotic bacteria. Br J Nutr 105:887–894

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gu Q, Li P (2016) Biosynthesis of vitamins by probiotic bacteria, probiotics and prebiotics in human nutrition and health, vol Chapter b7. In tech open, London, pp 135–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta C, Prakash D, Gupta S (2014) Genetically engineered probiotics. Afr J Basic Appl Sci 6:57–64

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy H, Harris J, Lyon E, Beal J, Foey A (2013) Probiotics, prebiotics and immunomodulation of gut mucosal defences: homeostasis and immunopathology. Nutrients 5:1869–1912

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hou N, Huo D, Dignam JJ (2013) Prevention of colorectal cancer and dietary management. Chin Clin Oncol 2:13

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Indira M, Venkateswarulu TC, Chakravarthy K, Reddy AR, Prabhakar KV (2015) Isolation and characterization of bacteriocin producing lactic acid bacteria from diary effluent. Res J Pharm Technol 8:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Indira M, Venkateswarulu TC, Chakravarthy K, Reddy AR, Babu DJ, Kodali VP (2016) Morphological and biochemical characterization of exopolysaccharide producing bacteria isolated from dairy effluent. J Pharm Sci Res 8:88–91

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Indira M, Venkateswarulu TC, Prabhakar KV, Peele KA, Krupanidhi S (2018) Isolation and characterization of bacteriocin producing Enterococcus casseliflavus and its antagonistic effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Karbala Int J Mod Sci 4:361–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Indira M, Venkateswarulu TC, Peele KA, Prabhakar KV, Krupanidhi S (2019) Characterization of bacteriocin producing probiotic properties of Enterococcus casseliflavus MI001 isolated from curd sample. Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm 13:64–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Jandhyala SM, Talukdar R, Subramanyam C, Vuyyuru H, Sasikala M, Reddy DN (2015) Role of the normal gut microbiota. World J Gastroenterol 21:8787–8803

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Julendra H, Suryani AE, Istiqomah L, Damayanti E, Anwar M, Fitriani N (2017) Isolation of lactic acid bacteria with cholesterol-lowering activity from digestive tracts of indonesian native chickens. Media Peternak 40:35–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawashima T, Ikari N, Kouchi T, Kowatari Y, Kubota Y, Shimojo N, Tsuji NM (2018) The molecular mechanism for activating IgA production by Pediococcus acidilactici K15 and the clinical impact in a randomized trial. Sci rep 8:5065

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kepert I, Fonseca J, Müller C, Milger K, Hochwind K, Kostric M, Fedoseeva M, Ohnmacht C, Dehmel S, Nathan P, Bartel S (2017) D-tryptophan from probiotic bacteria influences the gut microbiome and allergic airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 139:1525–1535

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerry RG, Patra JK, Gouda S, Park Y, Shin HS, Das G (2018) Benefaction of probiotics for human health: a review. J Food Drug Anal 26:927–939

    Google Scholar 

  • Khaneghah AM, Fakhri Y (2019) Probiotics and prebiotics as functional foods: state of the art. Curr Nutr Food Sci 15:20–30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HJ, Kim HY, Lee SY, Seo JH, Lee E, Hong SJ (2013) Clinical efficacy and mechanism of probiotics in allergic diseases. Korean J Pediatr 56:369

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura I, Ozawa K, Inoue D, Imamura T, Kimura K, Maeda T, Terasawa K, Kashihara D, Hirano K, Tani T, Takahashi T (2013) The gut microbiota suppresses insulin-mediated fat accumulation via the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR43. Nat Commun 4:1829

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kober MM, Bowe WP (2015) The effect of probiotics on immune regulation, acne, and photoaging. Int J Women’s Dermatol 1:85–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Kodali VP, Das S, Sen R (2009) An exopolysaccharide from a probiotic: biosynthesis dynamics, composition and emulsifying activity. Food Res Int 42:695–699

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kodali VP, Lingala VK, Karlapudi AP, Indira M, Venkateswarulu TC, John Babu D (2013) Biosynthesis and potential application of bacteriocins. J Pure Appl Microbiol 7:2933–2945

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kota RK, Ambati RR, Yalakurthi AK, Srirama K, Reddy PN (2018) Recent advances in probiotics as live biotherapeutics against gastrointestinal diseases. Curr Pharma Des 24:3162–3171

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langella P, Martín R (2019) Emerging health concepts in the probiotics field: streamlining the definitions. Front Microbiol 10:1047

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • LeBlanc JG, Chain F, Martín R, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Courau S, Langella P (2017) Beneficial effects on host energy metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and vitamins produced by commensal and probiotic bacteria. Microb Cell Fact 16:79

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Xia X, Tang W, Ji J, Rui X, Chen X, Jiang M, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Dong M (2015) Structural characterization and anticancer activity of cell-bound exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus helveticus MB2-1. J Agric Food Chem 63:3454–3463

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin Z, Xu Z, Li Y, Wang Z, Chen T, Zhao X (2014) Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of riboflavin. Microb Cell Fact 13:104

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mach N, Fuster-Botella D (2017) Endurance exercise and gut microbiota: a review. J Sport Health Sci 6:179–197

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markowiak P, Slizewska K (2017) Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients 9:1021

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Masuda M, Ide M, Utsumi H, Niiro T, Shimamura Y, Murata M (2012) Production potency of folate, vitamin B12, and thiamine by lactic acid bacteria isolated from japanese pickles. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 76:2061–2067

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Metges CC, Eberhard M, Petzke KJ (2006) Synthesis and absorption of intestinal microbial lysine in humans and non-ruminant animals and impact on human estimated average requirement of dietary lysine. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 9:37–41

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer TSM, Miguel ASM, Fernandez DER, Ortiz GMD (2015) Biotechnological production of oligosaccharides—applications in the food industry. Food Prod Ind 2:25–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller JK, Harrison MT, D’Andrea A, Endsley AN, Yin F, Kodukula K, Watson DS (2013) β-Carotene biosynthesis in probiotic bacteria. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 5:69–80

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miremadi F, Shah NP (2012) Applications of inulin and probiotics in health and nutrition. Int Food Res J 19:1337–1350

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Misra S, Mohanty D, Mohapatra S (2019) Applications of probiotics as a functional ingredient in food and gut health. J Food Nutr Res 7:213–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed Y, Lee B, Kang Z, Du G (2014) Capability of Lactobacillus reuteri to produce an active form of vitamin B12 under optimized fermentation conditions. J Acad Ind Res 2:617

    Google Scholar 

  • Mokoena MP (2017) Lactic acid bacteria and their bacteriocins: classification, biosynthesis and applications against uropathogens. A mini-review. Molecules 22:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Montalto M, Curigliano V, Santoro L, Vastola M, Cammarota G, Manna R, Gasbarrini A, Gasbarrini G (2006) Management and treatment of lactose malabsorption. World J Gastroenterol 12:187–191

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moss JW, Williams JO, Ramji DP (2018) Nutraceuticals as therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta—Mol Basis Dis 1864:1562–1572

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee S, Ramesh A (2015) Bacteriocin-producing strains of Lactobacillus plantarum inhibit adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to extracellular matrix: quantitative insight and implications in antibacterial therapy. J Med Microbiol 64:1514–1526

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagpal R, Kumar A, Kumar M, Behare PV, Jain S, Yadav H (2012) Probiotics, their health benefits and applications for developing healthier foods: a review. FEMS Microbiol Lett 334:1–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura Y, Nosaka S, Suzuki M, Nagafuchi S, Takahashi T, Yajima T, Takenouchi-ohkubo N, Iwase T, Moro I (2004) Dietary fructo oligosaccharides up-regulate immunoglobulin A response and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor expression in intestines of infant mice. Clin Exp Immunol 137:52–58

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Newburg DS (1996) Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in human milk: their role in host defense. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1:271–283

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozdemir O (2010) Various effects of different probiotic strains in allergic disorders: an update from laboratory and clinical data. Clin Exp Immunol 160:295–304

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Padmavathi T, Bhargavi R, Priyanka PR, Niranjan NR, Pavitra PV (2018) Screening of potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria and production of amylase and its partial purification. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 16:357–362

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pan XD, Chen FQ, Wu TX, Tang HG, Zhao ZY (2009) Prebiotic oligosaccharides change the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and the microbial population of mouse bowel. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 10:258

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey KR, Naik SR, Vakil BV (2015) Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: a review. J Food Sci Technol 52:7577–7587

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Patel S, Goyal A (2012) The current trends and future perspectives of prebiotics research a review. 3 Biotech 2:115–125

    CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Patel A, Shah N, Prajapati JB (2013) Biosynthesis of vitamins and enzymes in fermented foods by lactic acid bacteria and related genera: a promising approach. Croatian J Food Sci Technol 5:85–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrice DC (2018) Human gut microbiome: hopes, threats and promises. Gut 67:1716–1725

    Google Scholar 

  • Peele KA, Ch VR, Kodali VP (2016) Emulsifying activity of a biosurfactant produced by a marine bacterium. 3 Biotech 6:177

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pericleous M, Mandair D, Caplin ME (2013) Diet and supplements and their impact on colorectal cancer. J gastrointest Oncol 4:409

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Piwowarek K, Lipińska E, Hać-Szymańczuk E, Kieliszek M, Ścibisz I (2018) Propionibacterium spp.—source of propionic acid, vitamin B12, and other metabolites important for the industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102:515–538

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plaza-Diaz J, Gomez-Llorente C, Fontana L, Gil A (2014) Modulation of immunity and inflammatory gene expression in the gut, in inflammatory diseases of the gut and in the liver by probiotics. World J Gastroenterol 20:15632

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ranadheera C, Vidanarachchi J, Rocha R, Cruz A, Ajlouni S (2017) Probiotic delivery through fermentation: dairy vs. non-dairy beverages. Fermentation 3:67

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao SS, Yu S, Fedewa A (2015) Systematic review: dietary fibre and FODMAP-restricted diet in the management of constipation and irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 41:1256–1270

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ravisankar P, Reddy AA, Nagalakshmi B, Koushik OS, Kumar BV, Anvith PS (2015) The comprehensive review on fat soluble vitamins. IOSR J Pharm 5:12–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi M, Amaretti A, Raimondi S (2011) Folate Production by Probiotic Bacteria. Nutrients 3:118–134

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland I, Gibson G, Heinken A, Scott K, Swann J, Thiele I, Tuohy K (2018) Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. Eur J nutr 57:1–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Said HM (2011) Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins in health and disease. Biochem J 437:357–372

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez B, Delgado S, Blanco-Miguez A, Lourenco A, Gueimonde M, Margolles A (2017) Probiotics, gut microbiota, and their influence on host health and disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 61:1600240

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders ME, Benson A, Lebeer S, Merenstein DJ, Klaenhammer TR (2018) Shared mechanisms among probiotic taxa: implications for general probiotic claims. Curr Opin Biotechnol 49:207–216

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders ME, Jackson S, Schoeni JL, Vegge C, Pane M, Stahl B, Bradley M, Goldman VS, Burguiere P, Atwater JB (2019) Improving end-user trust in the quality of commercial probiotic products. Front Microbiol 10:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Sankar NR, Priyanka VD, Reddy PS, Rajanikanth P, Kumar VK, Indira M (2012) Purification and characterization of bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from cow milk. Int J Microbiol Res 3:133–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos F, Wegkamp A, de Vos WM, Smid EJ, Hugenholtz J (2008) High-level folate production in fermented foods by the B12 producer Lactobacillus reuteri JCM1112. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:3291–3294

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sarowska J, Choroszy-Krol I, Regulska-Ilow B, Frej-Madrzak M, Jama-Kmiecik A (2013) The therapeutic effect of probiotic bacteria on gastrointestinal diseases. Adv Clin Exp Med 22:759–766

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savaiano DA (2014) Lactose digestion from yogurt: mechanism and relevance. Am J Clin Nutr 99:1251S–1255S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schepper JD, Irwin R, Kang J, Dagenais K, Lemon T, Shinouskis A, Parameswaran N, McCabe LR (2017) Probiotics in gut-bone signaling. Understanding the gut-bone signaling axis. Springer, New york, pp 225–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma M, Shukla G (2016) Metabiotics: one step ahead of probiotics; an insight into mechanisms involved in anti cancerous effect in colorectal cancer. Front Microbiol 7:1940

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smit G, Smit BA, Engels WJ (2005) Flavour formation by lactic acid bacteria and biochemical flavour profiling of cheese products. FEMS Microbiol Rev 29(3):591–610

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strozzi GP, Mogna L (2008) Quantification of folic acid in human feces after administration of Bifidobacterium probiotic strains. J Clin Gastroenterol 42:179–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturme MH, Kleerebezem M, Nakayama J, Akkermans AD, Vaughan EE, De Vos WM (2002) Cell to cell communication by autoinducing peptides in gram-positive bacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 81:233–243

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sundravel S, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P (2006) Therapeutic potential of riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid on carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in secondary endometrial carcinoma bearing rats. Mol Cel Biochem 288(1–2):73–78

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton A (2008) Product development of probiotics as biological drugs. Clin Infect Dis 46:S128–S132

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tachedjian G, Aldunate M, Bradshaw CS, Cone RA (2017) The role of lactic acid production by probiotic Lactobacillus species in vaginal health. Res Microbiol 168:782–792

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thursby E, Juge N (2017) Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochem J 474:1823–1836

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tominaga K, Kamimura K, Takahashi K, Yokoyama J, Yamagiwa S, Terai S (2018) Diversion colitis and pouchitis: a mini-review. World J Gastroenterol 24:1734–1747

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Topping DL, Clifton PM (2001) Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and non starch polysaccharides. Physiol Rev 81:1031–1064

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai CC, Lin PP, Hsieh YM, Zhang ZY, Wu HC, Huang CC (2014) Cholesterol-lowering potentials of lactic acid bacteria based on bile-salt hydrolase activity and effect of potent strains on cholesterol metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Sci World J 2014:690752

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidya Prabhakar K, Ramkrishna S (2008) Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of an exopolysaccharide from a probiotic bacterium. Biotechnol J 3:245–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinderola G, Binetti A, Burns P, Reinheimer J (2011) Cell viability and functionality of probiotic bacteria in dairy products. Front Microbiol 2:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitetta L, Hall S, Coulson S (2015) Metabolic interactions in the gastrointestinal tract (git): host, commensal, probiotics, and bacteriophage influences. Microorganisms 3:913–932

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vonk RJ, Reckman GA, Harmsen HJ, Priebe MG (2012) Probiotics and lactose intolerance, vol 7. Intech, pp 149–160

  • Vorobjeva LI, Khodjaev EY, Vorobjeva NV (2008) Propionic acid bacteria as probiotics. Microb Ecol Health Dis 20:109–112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang Y, Xu H, Mei X, Yu D, Wang Y, Li W (2017) Antioxidant properties of probiotic bacteria. Nutrients 9:521

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang SC, Lin CH, Sung CT, Fang JY (2014) Antibacterial activities of bacteriocins: application in foods and pharmaceuticals. Front Microbiol 5:241

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yoo JY, Kim SS (2016) Probiotics and prebiotics: present status and future perspectives on metabolic disorders. Nutrients 8:173

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zacharof MP, Lovitt RW (2012) Bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria a review article. APCBEE Procedia 2:50–56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zackular JP, Baxter NT, Iverson KD, Sadler WD, Petrosino JF, Chen GY, Schloss PD (2013) The gut microbiome modulates colon tumorigenesis. Mbio 4:e00692

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang YJ, Li S, Gan RY, Zhou T, Xu DP, Li HB (2015) Impacts of gut bacteria on human health and diseases. Int J Mol Sci 16:7493–7519

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zielinska D, Kolożyn-Krajewska D (2018) Food-origin Lactic acid bacteria may exhibit probiotic properties. Bio Med rRes Int 2018:1–15

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the support of Vignan’s Foundation for Science Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi-522213, Guntur, A.P, India.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bio-Technology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India

    M. Indira, T. C. Venkateswarulu, K. Abraham Peele, Md. Nazneen Bobby & S. Krupanidhi

Authors
  1. M. Indira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. T. C. Venkateswarulu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. Abraham Peele
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Md. Nazneen Bobby
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. S. Krupanidhi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to T. C. Venkateswarulu or S. Krupanidhi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of the interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Indira, M., Venkateswarulu, T.C., Abraham Peele, K. et al. Bioactive molecules of probiotic bacteria and their mechanism of action: a review. 3 Biotech 9, 306 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1841-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1841-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation