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Bongkrekic Acid—a Review of a Lesser-Known Mitochondrial Toxin

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Abstract

Introduction

Bongkrekic acid (BA) has a unique mechanism of toxicity among the mitochondrial toxins: it inhibits adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) rather than the electron transport chain. Bongkrekic acid is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans (B. cocovenenans) which has been implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut- and corn-based products in Indonesia and China. Our objective was to summarize what is known about the epidemiology, exposure sources, toxicokinetics, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis and treatment of human BA poisoning.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE (1946 to present), EMBASE (1947 to present), SCOPUS, The Indonesia Publication Index (http://id.portalgaruda.org/), ToxNet, book chapters, Google searches, Pro-MED alerts, and references from previously published journal articles. We identified a total of 109 references which were reviewed. Of those, 29 (26 %) had relevant information and were included. Bongkrekic acid is a heat-stable, highly unsaturated tricarboxylic fatty acid with a molecular weight of 486 kDa. Outbreaks have been reported from Indonesia, China, and more recently in Mozambique. Very little is known about the toxicokinetics of BA. Bongkrekic acid produces its toxic effects by inhibiting mitochondrial (ANT). ANT can also alter cellular apoptosis. Signs and symptoms in humans are similar to the clinical findings from other mitochondrial poisons, but they vary in severity and time course. Management of patients is symptomatic and supportive.

Conclusions

Bongkrekic acid is a mitochondrial ANT toxin and is reported primarily in outbreaks of food-borne poisoning involving coconut and corn. It should be considered in outbreaks of food-borne illness when signs and symptoms manifest involving the liver, brain, and kidneys and when coconut- or corn-based foods are implicated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Health Studies Branch, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, GA, 30341, USA

    Mehruba Anwar, Amelia Kasper & Joshua G. Schier

  2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA

    Alaina R. Steck

Authors
  1. Mehruba Anwar
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  2. Amelia Kasper
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Correspondence to Mehruba Anwar.

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The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.

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Anwar, M., Kasper, A., Steck, A.R. et al. Bongkrekic Acid—a Review of a Lesser-Known Mitochondrial Toxin. J. Med. Toxicol. 13, 173–179 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-016-0577-1

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