Abstract
Groundwater hydrology plays an important role in coastal marsh biogeochemical function, in part because groundwater dynamics drive the zonation of macrophyte community distribution. Changes that occur over time, such as sea level rise and shifts in habitat structure are likely altering groundwater dynamics and eco-hydrological zonation. We examined tidal flooding and marsh water table dynamics in 1999 and 2019 and mapped shifts in plant distributions over time, at Piermont Marsh, a brackish tidal marsh located along the Hudson River Estuary near New York City. We found evidence that the marsh surface was flooded more frequently in 2019 than 1999, and that tides were propagating further into the marsh in 2019, although marsh surface elevation gains were largely matching that of sea level rise. The changes in groundwater hydrology that we observed are likely due to the high tide rising at a rate that is greater than that of mean sea level. In addition, we report changes in plant cover by P. australis, which has displaced native marsh vegetation at Piermont Marsh. Although P. australis has increased in cover, wrack deposition and plant die off associated Superstorm Sandy allowed for native vegetation to rebound in part of our focus area. These results suggest that climate change and plant community composition may interact to shape ecohydrologic zonation. Considering these results, we recommend that habitat models consider tidal range expansion and groundwater hydrology as metrics when predicting the impact of sea level rise on marsh resilience.
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Data Availability
The datasets generated by this current study, including reproducible R code, are available via the Dryad Digital repository, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cjsxksncr.
Notes
A revision of the Spartina genus, recognized by most floras, has led to renaming of Spartina alterniflora to.
Sporobulous alterniflorus and Spartina patens to Sporobulous pumilus.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a Polgar Grant, awarded to Sofi Courtney by the Hudson River Foundation, and by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1946302. We acknowledge Lena Champlin, Johannes Krause, Malakai Madden, Nicolo Montalto, and Iggy for assistance with fieldwork, Patrick Gurian, Kirk Raper, and ChatGPT for data analysis guidance, Michael and Liz Biddle for housing, Sarah Fernald of the HRNERR who assisted with research permits, and Michael Ferrin for overall support.
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This work was supported by a Polgar Grant, awarded to Sofi Courtney by the Hudson River Foundation, and by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1946302.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Sofi Courtney led 2019 field data collection, while Franco Montalto led 1999 data collection and processing. Data analysis of groundwater data was performed by Sofi Courtney, and GIS analysis and tide gauge data was analyzed by Elizabeth Watson. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sofi Courtney and Elizabeth Watson. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Courtney, S., Montalto, F. & Watson, E.B. Climate and Vegetation Change in a Coastal Marsh: Two Snapshots of Groundwater Dynamics and Tidal Flooding at Piermont Marsh, NY Spanning 20 Years. Wetlands 44, 8 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-023-01761-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-023-01761-9