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Stable isotopes and rare-earth elements of carbonate rocks, Paleocene–Eocene Kolosh Formation, High Folded Zone, NE Iraq: implication for depositional environment and Diagenesis

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Abstract

Petrographic and geochemical studies were carried out on the Paleocene–Eocene carbonates of the Kolosh Formation in the High Folded Zone to infer the environment of deposition, diagenetic overprints, and their origin. The petrographic study revealed five main microfacies; packstone, wackestone, mudstone, grainstone, and crystalline carbonate. There are different depositional environments from shoal to shallow marine environments (mid-ramp conditions) that are adequate for mixing continental material with seawater. Several evidences of diagenetic processes were observed, such as micritization, neomorphism, and dolomitization. Petrographic and geochemical analyses show the dominance of calcite and dolomite minerals. The contents of major oxides and the concentrations of trace elements were normalized to Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) values. The Paleocene–Eocene carbonates are enriched in CaO, MgO, Cr, and Ni, whereas are highly depleted in Na2O, K2O, TiO2, Al2O3, Rb, Ba, Th, and Zr. The low contents of Al2O3 and SiO2 refer to a low siliciclastic involvement during the deposition of the Paleocene–Eocene carbonate. The REEs average content is lower (15.60 ppm) than that of marine carbonates (28 ppm). The REE patterns (normalized to PAAS) display a seawater-like type, while a slightly lower average Y/Ho value (33.66) relative to that of typical seawater (~ 44 to 74) refers to the alteration of the seawater by the freshwater. The REEs of this study are comparable with the limestone of the Middle Eocene Fulra Formation and Arabian Sea carbonates. Paleocene–Eocene carbonates have δ13CPDB ranging between − 13.31 and 1.25‰PDB, and δ18O from − 6.30 to 0.12‰PDB. The negative values and no correlation between δ13C and δ18O indicate that modification of the primordial composition of the isotopes is not a result of diagenesis only, but other factors, such as temperature, and organic matter have an important role. The negative Ce/Ce*, Th/U ratios, and authigenic U suggest their accompanying the deposition of the carbonates in oxidizing conditions. The paleotemperature of the studied carbonates (~ 12 to 42 °C) is slightly higher than other global records in the Paleocene–Eocene, which may propose the variations in the composition of oxygen isotope and modification in the geochemical characteristics during the post-carbonate deposition time.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are indebted to thank Dr. Dilshad Omer Ali, Salahaddin University, Department of Earth Sciences and Petroleum, for his help in the fieldwork. The authors are thankful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions and kind help in improving the quality of the manuscript.

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The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.

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  1. Department of Earth Sciences and Petroleum, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq

    Sirwa S. Shangola, Hikmat S. Al-Jaleel & Faraj H. Tobia

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  1. Sirwa S. Shangola
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  2. Hikmat S. Al-Jaleel
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Contributions

SSS carried out study sampling, data collection, result interpretation and approved the final manuscript. Ass. Prof. HSA-J fieldwork and data collection. Prof. FHT supervised the methodology, reviewed, revised, and provided inputs for improvement.

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Correspondence to Sirwa S. Shangola.

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Shangola, S.S., Al-Jaleel, H.S. & Tobia, F.H. Stable isotopes and rare-earth elements of carbonate rocks, Paleocene–Eocene Kolosh Formation, High Folded Zone, NE Iraq: implication for depositional environment and Diagenesis. Carbonates Evaporites 38, 77 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-023-00899-1

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