Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Green Gentrification and Urban Parks: Exploring the Complex Dynamics of Commercial Transformation

  • Published:
Journal of the Knowledge Economy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Urban parks have long been celebrated for their ecological, social, and economic benefits. However, their role in commercial gentrification, especially in rapidly developing urban landscapes like Shanghai, remains relatively unexplored. This research paper delves into this uncharted territory. The study employs a rigorous difference-in-differences (DID) model to examine the influence of newly established urban parks on commercial gentrification in Shanghai in 2019, covering an extensive area of 6340.5 km2. The findings reveal a significant increase in gentrification-related businesses, particularly exotic eateries and coffee/tea beverage shops, in the vicinity of urban parks. This growth underscores the need to consider public health implications in urban design due to potential changes in food environments. Moreover, the research highlights diverse spillover effects, emphasizing that parks closer to city centers have a more substantial impact on commercial gentrification than those farther away. Community parks with extensive grounds and well-designed amenities also exhibit higher service concentrations, underlining the importance of meticulous urban planning to ensure equitable access to green spaces. The theoretical implications of this study challenge traditional notions of urban parks’ exclusively positive effects and call for a more nuanced approach in urban planning, considering potential unintended consequences like commercial gentrification. This research enriches academic discourse on the evolving dynamics of urban spaces. Furthermore, the policy implications stress the importance of comprehensive urban planning strategies, emphasizing the evaluation of park dimensions, placement, and amenities to maximize benefits while minimizing negative impacts. The study advocates for health-focused initiatives in park planning and the implementation of laws to ensure that expanded green spaces benefit all socio-economic groups, promoting socio-economic diversity while fostering dynamic, vibrant communities. This research offers valuable insights that extend beyond commercial gentrification, contributing to informed decision-making in urban green policy and sustainable development in China’s evolving urban landscape.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.

References

  • Ahmed, E. M. (2021). Modelling information and communications technology cyber security externalities spillover effects on sustainable economic growth. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 12(1), 412–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amorim-Maia, A. T., Anguelovski, I., Chu, E., & Connolly, J. (2022). Intersectional climate justice: A conceptual pathway for bridging adaptation planning, transformative action, and social equity. Urban Climate, 41, 101053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J., & Brand, A. L. (2018). From landscapes of utopia to the margins of the green urban life: For whom is the new green city? City, 22(3), 417–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayala-Azcárraga, C., Diaz, D., & Zambrano, L. (2019). Characteristics of urban parks and their relation to user well-being. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 27–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bardaka, E., Delgado, M. S., & Florax, R. J. (2019). A spatial multiple treatment/multiple outcome difference-in-differences model with an application to urban rail infrastructure and gentrification. Transportation Research Part a: Policy and Practice, 121, 325–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedla, D., & Halecki, W. (2021). The value of river valleys for restoring landscape features and the continuity of urban ecosystem functions–A review. Ecological Indicators, 129, 107871.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Been, V., Ellen, I. G., & O’Regan, K. (2019). Supply skepticism: Housing supply and affordability. Housing Policy Debate, 29(1), 25–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, K. M., & Namin, S. (2023). Chronic environmental diseases: burdens, causes, and response. In Biological and environmental hazards, risks, and disasters (pp. 223–249). Elsevier.

  • Bibri, S. E. (2018). A foundational framework for smart sustainable city development: Theoretical, disciplinary, and discursive dimensions and their synergies. Sustainable Cities and Society, 38, 758–794.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birch, J., Rishbeth, C., & Payne, S. R. (2020). Nature doesn’t judge you–How urban nature supports young people’s mental health and wellbeing in a diverse UK city. Health & Place, 62, 102296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, K. J., & Richards, M. (2020). Eco-gentrification and who benefits from urban green amenities: NYC’s high line. Landscape and Urban Planning, 204, 103900.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bockarjova, M., Botzen, W. J. W., Van Schie, M. H., & Koetse, M. J. (2020). Property price effects of green interventions in cities: A meta-analysis and implications for gentrification. Environmental Science & Policy, 112, 293–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolitzer, B., & Netusil, N. R. (2000). The impact of open spaces on property values in Portland. Oregon. Journal of Environmental Management, 59(3), 185–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonino, M., Governa, F., Repellino, M. P., & Sampieri, A. (Eds.). (2019). The city after Chinese New Towns: Spaces and imaginaries from contemporary urban China. Birkhäuser.

  • Bottero, M., Caprioli, C., Foth, M., Mitchell, P., Rittenbruch, M., & Santangelo, M. (2022). Urban parks, value uplift and green gentrification: An application of the spatial hedonic model in the city of Brisbane. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 74, 127618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E., Adam, P., Tsakis, D., Shaw, S., Watson, R., & Ryan, P. (2020). Enhancing pedestrian mobility in smart cities using big data. Journal of Management Analytics, 7(2), 173–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerin, E., Barnett, A., Zhang, C. J., Lai, P. C., Sit, C. H., & Lee, R. S. (2020). How urban densification shapes walking behaviours in older community dwellers: A cross-sectional analysis of potential pathways of influence. International Journal of Health Geographics, 19, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y., Yue, W., & La Rosa, D. (2020). Which communities have better accessibility to green space? An investigation into environmental inequality using big data. Landscape and Urban Planning, 204, 103919.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y., Xu, Z., Byrne, J., Xu, T., Wang, S., & Wu, J. (2021). Can smaller parks limit green gentrification? Insights from Hangzhou. China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 59, 127009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, Z., Guan, Y., Ma, J., & Yuan, Y. (2022). The ways to improve the ecological benefits of carbon sequestration of garden green space. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 350, p. 01027). EDP Sciences.

  • Clarke, M., Wallace, C., Cadaval, S., Anderson, E., Egerer, M., Dinkins, L., & Platero, R. (2023). Factors that enhance or hinder social cohesion in urban greenspaces: A literature review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 127936.

  • Corada, K., Woodward, H., Alaraj, H., Collins, C. M., & de Nazelle, A. (2021). A systematic review of the leaf traits considered to contribute to removal of airborne particulate matter pollution in urban areas. Environmental Pollution, 269, 116104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croce, S., & Vettorato, D. (2021). Urban surface uses for climate resilient and sustainable cities: A catalogue of solutions. Sustainable Cities and Society, 75, 103313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cushing, D. F., & Miller, E. (2019). Creating great places: Evidence-based urban design for health and wellbeing. Routledge. 212.

  • Enssle, F., & Kabisch, N. (2020). Urban green spaces for the social interaction, health and well-being of older people—An integrated view of urban ecosystem services and socio-environmental justice. Environmental Science & Policy, 109, 36–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernwein, M. (2020). Bringing urban parks to life: The more-than-human politics of urban ecological work. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 111(2), 559–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, C. S. S., Potočki, K., Kapović-Solomun, M., & Kalantari, Z. (2021). Nature-based solutions for flood mitigation and resilience in urban areas. Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Mitigation: Environmental and Socio-Economic Aspects (pp. 59–78). Springer International Publishing.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gilal, F. G., Ashraf, Z., Gilal, N. G., Gilal, R. G., & Channa, N. A. (2019). Promoting environmental performance through green human resource management practices in higher education institutions: A moderated mediation model. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(6), 1579–1590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González, S. R., Loukaitou-Sideris, A., & Chapple, K. (2019). Transit neighborhoods, commercial gentrification, and traffic crashes: Exploring the linkages in Los Angeles and the Bay Area. Journal of Transport Geography, 77, 79–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gou, F., Zhai, W., & Wang, Z. (2023). Visualizing the landscape of green gentrification: A bibliometric analysis and future directions. Land, 12(8), 1484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grilli, G., Mohan, G., & Curtis, J. (2020). Public park attributes, park visits, and associated health status. Landscape and Urban Planning, 199, 103814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, S. (2010). New-build gentrification in central Shanghai: Demographic changes and socioeconomic implications. Population, Space and Place, 16(5), 345–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helmrich, A., Kuhn, A., Roque, A., Santibanez, A., Kim, Y., Grimm, N. B., & Chester, M. (2023). Interdependence of social-ecological-technological systems in Phoenix, Arizona: Consequences of an extreme precipitation event. Journal of Infrastructure Preservation and Resilience, 4(1), 19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Homsy, G. C., & Hart, S. (2021). Sustainability backfire: The unintended consequences of failing to engage neighborhood residents in policymaking. Journal of Urban Affairs, 43(3), 414–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, Y., Lyu, X., Chen, Y., & Li, W. (2020). Industrial agglomeration externalities, local governments’ competition and environmental pollution: Evidence from Chinese prefecture-level cities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 123455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L., Sun, T., & Wang, L. (2018). Evolving urban spatial structure and commuting patterns: A case study of Beijing, China. Transportation Research Part d: Transport and Environment, 59, 11–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, J., Wang, X., Zhang, D., Zhang, Z., Yan, J., & Xia, F. (2023). Trade-offs under pressure? Development of urban green space under economic growth and governance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 427, 139261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, R. F., Cleland, C., Cleary, A., Droomers, M., Wheeler, B. W., Sinnett, D., ... & Braubach, M. (2019). Environmental, health, wellbeing, social and equity effects of urban green space interventions: A meta-narrative evidence synthesis. Environment International, 130, 104923.

  • Ioja, C., Breuste, J., Ioja, I. C., Breuste, J., Vânău, G. O., Hossu, C. A., ... & Breuste, J. (2020). Urban protected areas and urban biodiversity. In Making Green Cities: Concepts, Challenges and Practice (pp. 289–398). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

  • Jabbar, M., Yusoff, M. M., & Shafie, A. (2021). Assessing the role of urban green spaces for human well-being: A systematic review. GeoJournal, 1–19.

  • Jansson, M., Vogel, N., Fors, H., & Randrup, T. B. (2018). The governance of landscape management: New approaches to urban open space development. Landscape Research.

  • Jennings, V., Browning, M. H., Rigolon, A., Jennings, V., Browning, M. H., & Rigolon, A. (2019). Urban green space at the nexus of environmental justice and health equity. Urban green spaces: public health and sustainability in the United States, 47–69.

  • Jian, I. Y., Luo, J., & Chan, E. H. (2020). Spatial justice in public open space planning: Accessibility and inclusivity. Habitat International, 97, 102122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, G. (2018). An integrated system of urban green infrastructure on different types of vacant land to provide multiple benefits for local communities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 36, 116–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H. S., Lee, G. E., Lee, J. S., & Choi, Y. (2019). Understanding the local impact of urban park plans and park typology on housing price: A case study of the Busan metropolitan region, Korea. Landscape and Urban Planning, 184, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J., Lopez Frias, F. J., & Dattilo, J. (2020). Urban parks as spaces to pursue virtuous character, friendship, and contemplation: An Aristotelian perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 51(1), 107–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotze, D. J., Lowe, E. C., MacIvor, J. S., Ossola, A., Norton, B. A., Hochuli, D. F., ... & Hahs, A. K. (2022). Urban forest invertebrates: How they shape and respond to the urban environment. Urban Ecosystems, 25(6), 1589–1609.

  • Kutty, A. A., Abdella, G. M., Kucukvar, M., Onat, N. C., & Bulu, M. (2020). A system thinking approach for harmonizing smart and sustainable city initiatives with United Nations sustainable development goals. Sustainable Development, 28(5), 1347–1365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, S. (2023). Reconnecting with nature: Developing urban spaces in the age of climate change. Emerald Open Research, 1(5).

  • Li, L., & Xiao, Y. (2022). Capital accumulation and urban land development in China:(Re) making Expo Park in Shanghai. Land Use Policy, 112, 104472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, F., Jinxu, Y., Shao, L., Zhang, G., Wang, J., & Jin, Z. (2018). Delineating the origin of Pb and Cd in the urban dust through elemental and stable isotopic ratio: A study from Hangzhou City, China. Chemosphere, 211, 674–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, S., Lyu, D., Huang, G., Zhang, X., Gao, F., Chen, Y., & Liu, X. (2020). Spatially varying impacts of built environment factors on rail transit ridership at station level: A case study in Guangzhou. China. Journal of Transport Geography, 82, 102631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Ma, X., Hu, Z., & Li, S. (2021). Investigation of urban green space equity at the city level and relevant strategies for improving the provisioning in China. Land Use Policy, 101, 105144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., Hu, Y., Li, F., & Yuan, L. (2018). Associations of multiple ecosystem services and disservices of urban park ecological infrastructure and the linkages with socioeconomic factors. Journal of Cleaner Production, 174, 868–879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Li, C., Zhang, G., & Wang, Y. (2022). Spatiotemporal evolution differences of urban green space: A comparative case study of Shanghai and Xuchang in China. Land Use Policy, 112, 105824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynam, A., Li, F., Xiao, G., Fei, L., Huang, H., & Utzig, L. (2023). Capturing socio-spatial inequality in planetary urbanisation: A multi-dimensional methodological framework. Cities, 132, 104076.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, S., & Crompton, J. L. (2005). The impact of greenways on property values: Evidence from Austin. Texas. Journal of Leisure Research, 37(3), 321–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osland, L., Östh, J., & Nordvik, V. (2022). House price valuation of environmental amenities: An application of GIS-derived data. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 14(4), 939–959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pan, W., & Du, J. (2021). Towards sustainable urban transition: A critical review of strategies and policies of urban village renewal in Shenzhen. China. Land Use Policy, 111, 105744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panzera, D., & Postiglione, P. (2022). The impact of regional inequality on economic growth: A spatial econometric approach. Regional Studies, 56(5), 687–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, J., & Kim, J. (2019). Economic impacts of a linear urban park on local businesses: The case of Gyeongui Line Forest Park in Seoul. Landscape and Urban Planning, 181, 139–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pastak, I., Kindsiko, E., Tammaru, T., Kleinhans, R., & Van Ham, M. (2019). Commercial gentrification in post-industrial neighbourhoods: A dynamic view from an entrepreneur’s perspective. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 110(5), 588–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaender, F., Valsecchi, F., Sun, X., & Chen, W. (2022). Green exposure as a people-centered metric for green infrastructures: A Shanghai case study. In Green Infrastructure in Chinese Cities (pp. 223–263). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.

  • Qiu, W., Li, W., Liu, X., Zhang, Z., Li, X., & Huang, X. (2023). Subjective and objective measures of streetscape perceptions: Relationships with property value in Shanghai. Cities, 132, 104037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rigolon, A., & Németh, J. (2018). “We’re not in the business of housing:” Environmental gentrification and the nonprofitization of green infrastructure projects. Cities, 81, 71–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rigolon, A., Stewart, W. P., & Gobster, P. H. (2020). What predicts the demand and sale of vacant public properties? Urban greening and gentrification in Chicago. Cities, 107, 102948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rigolon, A., Yañez, E., Aboelata, M. J., & Bennett, R. (2022). “A park is not just a park”: Toward counter-narratives to advance equitable green space policy in the United States. Cities, 128, 103792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarı, E. N., & Bayraktar, S. (2023). The role of park size on ecosystem services in urban environment: A review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(9), 1072.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sax, D. L., Nesbitt, L., & Quinton, J. (2022). Improvement, not displacement: A framework for urban green gentrification research and practice. Environmental Science & Policy, 137, 373–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, R., & Malaviya, P. (2021). Management of stormwater pollution using green infrastructure: The role of rain gardens. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 8(2), e1507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, N., Singh, S., & Mall, R. K. (2020). Urban ecology and human health: Implications of urban heat island, air pollution and climate change nexus. In Urban Ecology (pp. 317–334). Elsevier.

  • Slabaugh, D., Rigolon, A., & Németh, J. (2023). No justice, no streets: The complex task of evaluating environmental justice on open streets in three US cities. Journal of Urban Affairs, 1–18.

  • Song, W., Cao, H., Tu, T., Song, Z., Chen, P., & Liu, C. (2023). Jiaoyufication as an education-driven gentrification in urban China: A case study of Nanjing. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 33(5), 1095–1112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorge, S., Mann, C., Schleyer, C., Loft, L., Spacek, M., Hernández-Morcillo, M., & Kluvankova, T. (2022). Understanding dynamics of forest ecosystem services governance: A socio-ecological-technical-analytical framework. Ecosystem Services, 55, 101427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talal, M. L., & Santelmann, M. V. (2021). Visitor access, use, and desired improvements in urban parks. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 63, 127216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarsitano, E., Rosa, A. G., Posca, C., Petruzzi, G., Mundo, M., & Colao, M. (2021). A sustainable urban regeneration project to protect biodiversity. Urban Ecosystems, 24(4), 827–844.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Threlfall, C. G., & Kendal, D. (2018). The distinct ecological and social roles that wild spaces play in urban ecosystems. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 29, 348–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torres, E. N., Milman, A., & Park, S. (2021). Customer delight and outrage in theme parks: A roller coaster of emotions. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 22(3), 338–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z. (2018). Evolving landscape-urbanization relationships in contemporary China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 171, 30–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, V., & Gao, J. (2020). Estimation of carbon stock in urban parks: Biophysical parameters, thresholds, reliability, and sampling load by plant type. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 55, 126852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W. C., & Lin, C. H. (2022). Understanding spatial inequities in urban neighborhood park services: A mixed method study in Taiwan. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 40, 100589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Li, X., Sun, M., & Yu, H. (2018). Managing urban ecological land as properties: Conceptual model, public perceptions, and willingness to pay. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 133, 21–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Chang, Q., & Li, X. (2021). Promoting sustainable carbon sequestration of plants in urban greenspace by planting design: A case study in parks of Beijing. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 64, 127291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Chang, Q., Fan, P., & Shi, X. (2022). From urban greenspace to health behaviors: An ecosystem services-mediated perspective. Environmental Research, 213, 113664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, L., & Kim, S. K. (2021a). Does socioeconomic development lead to more equal distribution of green space? Evidence from Chinese cities. Science of the Total Environment, 757, 143780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, L., & Kim, S. K. (2021b). Exploring the equality of accessing urban green spaces: A comparative study of 341 Chinese cities. Ecological Indicators, 121, 107080.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, S. S., & Park, B. I. (2018). Bring institutions into FDI spillover research: Exploring the impact of ownership restructuring and institutional development in emerging economies. International Business Review, 27(1), 289–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., & Xu, E. (2023). Investigating the spatial distribution of urban parks from the perspective of equity-efficiency: Evidence from Chengdu. China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 86, 128019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., Li, Y., Stephenson, R., & Ashuri, B. (2018). Valuation of energy efficient certificates in buildings. Energy and Buildings, 158, 1226–1240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, D., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., He, S., & Zhou, X. (2020). Study on sustainable urbanization literature based on Web of Science, Scopus, and China national knowledge infrastructure: A scientometric analysis in CiteSpace. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, D., Ma, S., Fan, J., Xie, D., Jiang, H., & Wang, G. (2023a). Assessing spatial equity in urban park accessibility: An improve two-step catchment area method from the perspective of 15-mintue city concept. Sustainable Cities and Society, 98, 104824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z., Yu, J., & Tian, J. (2023b). Community participation, social capital cultivation and sustainable community renewal: A case study from Xi’an’s Southern suburbs, China. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1–34.

  • Zhong, Q., Ma, J., Zhao, B., Wang, X., Zong, J., & Xiao, X. (2019). Assessing spatial-temporal dynamics of urban expansion, vegetation greenness and photosynthesis in megacity Shanghai, China during 2000–2016. Remote Sensing of Environment, 233, 111374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

(1) The Science and Technology Development Fund of the Macao Special Administrative Region (0036/2022/A);

(2) The Key Project of the Ministry of Education’s Special Fund for Excellent Traditional Chinese Culture (Category A) (Nishan World Confucianism Center/China Confucius Foundation Engineering Fund Project): “Integration and Coexistence—Research on Architectural Decoration of Historic Areas in Macao” (23JDTCA010);

(3) The 2023 public bidding topic of the Ethnic Research Project of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission: The Shared Spiritual Homeland of the Chinese Nation: Research on the Textile Images and Clothing Characteristics of Taiwan’s Ethnic Minorities, Project Number: (2023-GMA-010);

(4) Guangdong Normal University of Technology, the project of improving the scientific research ability of the construction unit of the doctoral program, project number (22GPNUZDJS59; 22GPNUZDJS58);

(5) Guangdong Provincial Department of Education’s key field special project “Research on the path of ‘micro-renovation’ under the perspective of serving Guangdong’s rural revitalization,” project number: (2021ZDZX4047);

(6) 2021 University-level Scientific Research Project Talent Special Project—Research on the Optimization of Public Green Space Layout in Macao Region, project number: (2021SDKYB058); Zhou Junling scientific research start-up fee, project number: (99,166,990,233);

(7) Research and development of green, ecological, and energy-saving garden landscape lighting devices, project number: (1,747,379);

(8) Teaching Quality and Teaching Reform Engineering Construction Project of Guangdong Undergraduate Universities. Project Number: (13);

(9) The second batch of industry-university cooperation collaborative education projects in 2021—Environmental Design Virtual Simulation Practice Base based on VR technology, project number: (202,102,185,044);

(10) Education Department Letter [2023] No. 6, the notice of the Department of College Students of the Ministry of Education on announcing the list of the second phase of supply and demand docking employment and education projects: human resources improvement project, project number: (20,230,110,526);

(11) 2020 Provincial First Class Undergraduate Major Construction Environmental Design by the General Office of the Ministry of Education;

(12) This study was supported by the China Scholarship Council;

(13) Projects of Talents Recruitment of GDUPT (2023rcyj2015);

(14) The Key Lab of Subtropical Building Science, South China University Of Technology, Project Number: (2022ZD01, 2022ZD06, 2022ZD07);

(15) Provincial first-class undergraduate courses in 2023 (Fundamentals of Landscape Design);

(16) Projects of PhDs’ Start-up Research of GDUPT (2023bsqd1008, 2022bsqd2004);

(17) Science and Technology Programme of Maoming of Guangdong Province of China (2,023,398).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Junling Zhou and Pohsun Wang contribue the same to the article and are the corresponding authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Fine Arts, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, 510260, China

    Junling Zhou

  2. Faculty of Innovation and Design, School of Urban Planning and Design, City University of Macau, Macau, China

    Lu Wang & Pohsun Wang

  3. Architecture and Civil Engineering Institute, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China

    Chen Pan & Haibo Li

  4. State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China

    Junling Zhou

Authors
  1. Lu Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Junling Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pohsun Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chen Pan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Haibo Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Junling Zhou or Pohsun Wang.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Innovation Management in Asia

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, L., Zhou, J., Wang, P. et al. Green Gentrification and Urban Parks: Exploring the Complex Dynamics of Commercial Transformation. J Knowl Econ (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02025-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02025-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation