Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Challenges of Research Collaboration in Ghana’s Knowledge-based Economy

  • Published:
Journal of the Knowledge Economy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the challenges of research collaboration from the perspective of academic researchers who engage in research collaboration with knowledge users. The study design was descriptive and comprised an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach made up of a survey of a proportionate stratified sample of academic researchers and key informants from two public universities in Ghana. On the basis of responses from 127 academics with collaborative research experience and 11 key informants, it was established through principal component analysis that collective assets, such as lack of common values and trust, followed by structural and positional factors, such as limited funding and inadequate infrastructure, were key challenges of research collaboration. The challenges of research collaboration point to the existence of clash of values between academics and knowledge users and to the absence of comprehensive national and institutional support systems for research collaboration. The persistence of the challenges will widen the knowledge filter in the economy and can eventually result in a Swedish paradox.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., & Lehmann, E. E. (2013). The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Bus Econ, 41, 757–773.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acs, Z. J., Braunerhjelm, P., Audretsch, B. D., & Carlsson, B. (2009). The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Bus Econ, 32, 15–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Afful, K. N. (2013). Ghana vision 2015 won’t be achieved without technology. http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2009/06/02/ghana-vision-2015-won%E2%80%99t-be-achieved-without-technology-economist/. Accessed 17 April 2016.

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process, 50(2), 179–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I., & Klobas, J. (2013). Fertility intentions: an approach based on the theory of planned behavior. Demogr Res, 29(8), 203–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnkil, R., Järvensivu, A., Koski, P., & Piirainen, T. (2010). Exploring the quadruple helix. Report of quadruple helix research for the CLIQ project. Tampere: Work Research Centre, University of Tampere.

    Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., Hülsbeck, M., & Lehmann, E. E.. (2010). Regional competitiveness, university spillovers, and entrepreneurial activity. UO working paper [No. 02-10], School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Bloomington, USA, 21 April.

  • Baba, Y., Shichijo, N., & Sedita, S. R. (2009). How do collaborations with universities affect firm’s innovative performance? The role of “Pasteur scientists” in the advanced materials fields. Res Policy, 38, 756–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bercovitz, J., & Feldmann, M. (2006). Entrepreneurial universities and technology transfer: a conceptual framework for understanding knowledge-based economic development. J Technol Transfer, 31, 175–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Chan, K. (2006). Higher education and economic development in Africa (Vol. 102). Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozeman, B., Fay, D., & Slade, C. P. (2013). Research collaboration in universities and academic entrepreneurship: the-state-of-the-art. J Technol Transf, 38(1), 1–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bramwell, A., & Wolf, D. A. (2008). Universities and regional economic development: the entrepreneurial University of Waterloo. Res Policy, 37(8), 1175–1187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braunerhjelm, P.. (2010). Entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth. Past experiences, current knowledge and policy implications. CESIS working paper [No. 224], The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, February 2010.

  • Braunerhjelm, P., Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, B. D., & Carlsson, B. (2010). The missing link: knowledge diffusion and entrepreneurship in endogenous growth. Small Bus Econ, 34, 105–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brundenius, C., & Göransson, B. (2011). Universities in transition. The changing role and challenges for academic institutions. International Research Development Centre: Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buertey, J. I. T., & Asare, S. K. (2014). Public private partnership in Ghana: a panacea to the infrastructural deficit? International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 3(5), 135–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bukvova, H. (2010). Studying research collaboration: a literature review. J Inf Sci, 6(1), 33–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvert, J. (2002). Making academic research useful. Scientists’ responses to changing policy demands. Paper presented at the NPRNet Conference on Rethinking Science Policy: Analytical Frameworks for Evidence-Based Policy, 21–23 March 2002, Brighton. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228985597_Making_academic_research_useful_Scientists’_responses_to_changing_policy_demands. Accessed 20 September 2012.

  • Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation. Adm Sci Q, 35(1), 128–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. Am J Sociol, 94, 95–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, J. A., & Link, A. N. (2015). Fostering university-industry R&D collaborations in European Union countries. Int Entrep Manag J, 11(4), 849–860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychol Methods, 1(1), 16–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Este, P., Guy, F., & Iammarino, S. (2012). Shaping the formation of university–industry research collaborations: what type of proximity does really matter? J Econ Geogr, 13(4), 537–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Winter, J. C. F., Dodou, D., & Wieringa, P. A. (2009). Exploratory factor analysis with small sample sizes. Multivar Behav Res, 44(2), 147–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ejermo, O., & Kander, A. (2006). The Swedish paradox. Working paper [No. 2006/01, Lund, Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy (CIRCLE), Lund University, Sweden.

  • Etzkowitz, H. (1998). The norms of entrepreneurial science: cognitive effects of the new university-industry linkages. Res Policy, 27, 823–833.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etzkowitz, H., & Dzisah, J. (2007). The triple helix of innovation: towards a university-led development strategy for Africa. ATDF Journal, 4(2), 3–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fetters, M. D., Curry, L. A., & Creswell, J. W. (2013). Achieving integration in mixed methods designs—principles and practices. Health Serv Res, 48(6), 2134–2156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frede, J. (2012). ECOWAS’ capability and potential to solve constraints to growth and poverty reduction of its member states. Unpublished Manuscript, University of Trier, Germany. http://www.unitrier.de/fileadmin/fb4/prof/VWL/IWB/Vorlesung/neu/ECOWAS-and-national-constraints_2012.pdf. Accessed 17 June 2016.

  • Freitas, I. M. B., Marques, R. A., & e Silva, E. M. D. P. (2013). University–industry collaboration and innovation in emergent and mature industries in new industrialized countries. Res Policy, 42(2), 443–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Government of Ghana. (2010). Medium-term national development policy framework. Ghana shared growth and development agenda (GSGDA)—2010-2013, 1: policy framework. Accra: Author. http://www.mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/docs/mdbs/2010/final_draft_mtdpf.pdf. Accessed 2 February 2013.

  • Green, S. B., Thompson, M. S., Levy, R., & Lo, W. J. (2015). Type I and type II error rates and overall accuracy of the revised parallel analysis method for determining the number of factors. Educ Psychol Meas, 75(3), 428–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimaldi, R., Kenney, M., Siegel, D. S., & Wright, M. (2011). 30 years after Bayh-Dole: reassessing academic entrepreneurship. Res Policy, 40, 1045–1057.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henrekson, M., & Rosenberg, N. (2001). Designing efficient institutions for science-based entrepreneurship: lessons from the US and Sweden. The Journal of Technology Transfer, (forthcoming). http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/56278/1/333190394.pdf. Accessed 7 October 2012.

  • Hughes, A., & Kitson, M. (2012). Pathways to impact and the strategic role of universities. Working paper [No. 435], Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. https://cje.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/3/723.full. Accessed 18 November 2013.

  • Hughes, A., Kitson, M., Probert, J., Bullock, A., & Milner, I.. (2011). Hidden connections: knowledge exchange between the arts and humanities and the private, public and third sectors. University of Cambridge Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. https://cje.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/3/723.full. Accessed 23 October 2012.

  • Jacob, S. A., & Furgerson, S. P. (2012). Writing interview protocols and conducting interviews: tips for students new to the field of qualitative research. Qual Rep, 17(6), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B., Lorenz, E., & Lundvall, B. Å. (2002). Why all this fuss about codified and tacit knowledge? Ind Corp Chang, 11(2), 245–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karnani, F. (2013). The university’s unknown knowledge: tacit knowledge, technology transfer and university spin-offs findings from an empirical study based on the theory of knowledge. J Technol Transf, 38(3), 235–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H. Y. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, 38(1), 52–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kostopoulos, K., Papalexandris, A., Papachroni, M., & Ioannou, G. (2010). Absorptive capacity, innovation and financial performance. J Bus Res, 64(12), 1335–1343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology [KNUST]. (2005). Corporate strategic plan (2005–2014). Kumasi: KNUST.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lam, A. (2010). From “ivory tower traditionalists” to “entrepreneurial scientists”? Academic scientists in fuzzy university-industry boundaries. Soc Stud Sci, 40(2), 307–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ledesma, R. D., & Valero-Mora, P. (2007). Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: an easy-to-use computer program for carrying out parallel analysis. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 12(2), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leydesdorff, L. (2010). The knowledge-based economy and the triple helix model. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 44(1), 365–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leydesdorff, L. (2012). The triple helix, quadruple helix,… and an N-tuple of helices: explanatory models for analyzing the knowledge-based economy? J Knowl Econ, 3(1), 25–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, N. (1999). Building a network theory of social capital. Connections, 22(1), 28–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, N. (2008). A network theory of social capital. In D. Castiglione, J. van Deth, & G. Wolleb (Eds.), The handbook of social capital (pp. 50–69). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, J. C., Cunningham, F. C., & Braithwaite, J. (2013). Bridges, brokers and boundary spanners in collaborative networks: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res, 13(1). doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-158.

  • Lorenz, C. (2012). If you’re so smart, why are you under surveillance? Universities, neoliberalism, and new public management. Crit Inq, 38(3), 599–629.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychol Methods, 4(1), 84–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Preacher, K. J., & Hong, S. (2001). Sample size in factor analysis: the role of model error. Multivar Behav Res, 36(4), 611–637.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNall, M. A. (2014). Boundary-spanning in organizations: network, influence, and conflict. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement, 18(3), 147–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansfeld, E. (1995). Academic research underlying industrial innovations: sources, characteristics, and financing. Rev Econ Stat, 77(1), 55–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mêgnigbêto, E. (2013). Triple helix of university-industry-government relationships in West Africa. Journal of Scientometric Research, 2(3), 214–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mensah, M. S. B.. (2016). Involvement of academic researchers in research collaboration [abstract]. Paper presented at the 2nd International Research Conference on Promoting Humanities Research for Development in Africa, 15–17 June 2016, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.

  • Moore, B., Hughes, A., & Ulrichsen, T. (2010). Synergies and tradeoffs between research, teaching and knowledge exchange (research report to HEFCE). Cambridge: Public and Economic Corporate Consultants (PACEC) and the Centre for Business Research (CBR). http://www.pacec.co.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2010/09/Synergies_and_Trade-offs_Between_Research_Teaching_and_Knowledge_Exchange.pdf. Accessed 2 July 2014.

  • Muscio, A., & Vallanti, G. (2014). Perceived obstacles to university–industry collaboration: results from a qualitative survey of Italian academic departments. Ind Innov, 21(5), 410–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oduro-Marfo, S. (2015). Toward a national innovation strategy: a critique of Ghana’s science, technology and innovation policy. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 20(3), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallant, P. (2011). SPSS survival manual a step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS (4th ed.). Crowns Nest: Allen and Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkmann, M., & Walsh, K. (2009). The two faces of collaboration: impacts of university industry relations on public research. Ind Corp Chang, 18(6), 1033–1065.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkmann, M., Neely, A., & Walsh, K. (2011). How should firms evaluate success in university–industry alliances? A performance measurement system. R&D Manag, 41(2), 202–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, M. (1966). The logic of tacit inference. Philosophy, 41(155), 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Research Councils UK (n.d.). Innovation and the research councils. http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/documents/publications/innovationbookletfinalweb-pdf/. Accessed 6 March 2016.

  • Rinne, R., & Koivula, J. (2005). The changing place of the university and a clash of values. The entrepreneurial university in the European knowledge society a review of the literature. Higher Education Management and Policy, 17(3), 91–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robson, P. J. A., & Obeng, B. A. (2008). The barriers to growth in Ghana. Small Bus Econ, 30(4), 385–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawyerr, A. (2004). Challenges facing African universities: selected issues. Afr Stud Rev, 47(1), 1–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter, J. A.. (1983). The theory of economic development (R. Opie, Trans. with new introd. by J. E. Elliott). Transaction, Brunswick (reprint of Theorie der wirtschaftlichen entwicklung by J. A. Schumpeter, 1934, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.).

  • Serger, S. S., Wise, E., & Arnold, E. (2015). National research and innovation councils as an instrument for innovation governance—characteristics and challenges. VINNOVA–Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems Sweden, Sweden, http://www.vinnova.se/upload/EPiStorePDF/va_15_07T.pdf. Accessed 11 January 2016.

  • Shapin, S. (2012). The ivory tower: the history of a figure of speech and its cultural uses. Br J Hist Sci, 5(1), 1–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, Y. V. (2014). Attitudes of companies in Kazakhstan towards knowledge collaboration with universities. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 639–644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNCTAD. (2011). Science, technology and innovation policy review—Ghana. Switzerland: United Nations. http://unctad.org/en/Docs/dtlstict20098_en.pdf. Accessed 17 October 2013.

  • University of Cape Coast (UCC). (2012a). University of Cape Coast Strategic Plan (2012-2017). Cape Coast: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • University of Cape Coast (UCC). (2012b). University of Cape Coast Statutes. Cape Coast: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yawson, R.M. (2002). Technology commercialization and intellectual property rights in Ghana. Paper presented at the International Conference on TRIPS, 11th–12th October 2002, Hyderabad, India. https://core.ac.uk/download/files/432/12029456.pdf. Accessed 21 September 2013.

  • Zachariadis, M. (2003). R&D, innovation, and technological progress: a test of the Schumpeterian framework without scale effects. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d’Économique, 36(3), 566–586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the University of Cape Coast (UCC) for sponsoring a Ph.D. study from which this paper was written and the Association of African Universities (AAU) for the award of small grants for theses and dissertations, in the year 2015. We are also grateful to all individuals and institutions that provided support, especially the academic researchers who kindly accepted to participate in the study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mavis Serwah Benneh Mensah.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

This paper is part of a series of publications from an ongoing PhD study.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 5

Table 5 Correlation matrix of the challenges of research collaboration

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mensah, M.S.B., Enu-Kwesi, F. & Boohene, R. Challenges of Research Collaboration in Ghana’s Knowledge-based Economy. J Knowl Econ 10, 186–204 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-017-0450-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-017-0450-8

Keywords

Navigation