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Epizoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Granulifusus gastropods (Neogastropoda: Fasciolariidae) from the Indo-West Pacific

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Abstract

There have been few detailed studies on the associations between cnidarians and gastropod mollusks. Several hypotheses have been suggested to explain the origins of these symbioses. However, respective benefits for gastropod mollusks and cnidarians have generally not been well examined, as there are many understudied cnidarian taxa associated with gastropod mollusks, and in particular, species of the order Zoantharia in the family Epizoanthidae remain poorly studied. In this study, we examined family Epizoanthidae specimens associated with Granulifusus gastropods via morphological observations combined with molecular phylogenetic analyses. Based on our results, we formally describe a new Epizoanthus species from the northwest Pacific Ocean. Our phylogenetic analyses recovered at least two independent origins for associations with gastropod in Epizoanthidae. Furthermore, during the course of this work, we reconfirm the existence of the enigmatic species Paleozoanthus reticulatus, the only species of the genus Paleozoanthus, for the first time since its original description, and we add information on this species’ morphological characteristics. This study provides a basis for evolutionary and behavioral studies of symbiotic associations between zoantharians and gastropods. Continued investigations examining the diversity of gastropod-associated zoantharians have the potential to greatly expand our overall comprehension of anthozoan-gastropod symbioses.

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Data availability

All sequences were deposited in GenBank, and all aligned datasets for phylogenetic analyses are available from Figshare.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the captain Minoru Ishikura and crew of the fishing trawler Jinsho-maru for their assistance in the collection from the Sea of Kumano, Mie, Japan. We are grateful to Linda Davis and David G. Herbert (KwaZulu-Natal Museum) for access to material. We also thank Keita Koeda (The University of Tokyo) for technical support.

Funding

The first author was supported by a Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from the Japan Science Society and JSPS KAKENHI grant 19J12174.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan

    Hiroki Kise & James Davis Reimer

  2. Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan

    Hiroki Kise & Akira Iguchi

  3. Toba Aquarium, 3-3-6, Toba, 517-8517, Toba, Mie, Japan

    Takeya Moritaki

  4. Research Laboratory On Environmentally-conscious Developments and Technologies [E-Code], National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8567, Japan

    Akira Iguchi

  5. Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan

    James Davis Reimer

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  1. Hiroki Kise
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  2. Takeya Moritaki
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HK wrote the draft manuscript with input from JDR. JDR supervised this study. TM collected the examined specimens and provided research materials, and all authors contributed and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hiroki Kise.

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Kise, H., Moritaki, T., Iguchi, A. et al. Epizoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Granulifusus gastropods (Neogastropoda: Fasciolariidae) from the Indo-West Pacific. Org Divers Evol 22, 543–554 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-022-00552-0

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