Abstract
The kinetid (flagellar/ciliary apparatus) of eukaryotic cells is an important source of phylogenetic information. It was found to be a prospective morphological phylogenetic marker in sponges, since its arrangement in choanocytes is congruent with the topology of the phylogenetic trees. However, investigation of the kinetid of sponge larval cells remains fragmentary. Here, we report the results of an ultrastructural study on the larval kinetids of the freshwater sponges Eunapius fragilis and Lubomirskia baikalensis (Demospongiae: Spongillida). Their kinetids were found to comprise a kinetosome associated with an accessory centriole and linked to the nucleus by a simple fibrillar root. The kinetosome bears a transverse cytoskeleton: filamentous train and microtubules which radiate from a microtubule organising centre (MTOC) shaped as a large hollow foot. In the short transition zone, between the central axonemal microtubules and kinetosome, a transverse plate with an axosome (central thickening) occurs. We have reviewed the kinetids of different sponge larvae to reconstruct the ancestral state of these traits. Thus, we suggest that spongillids retain the plesiomorphic characteristics of roots and an accessory centriole. But they possess the peculiarities of the transition zone, transverse cytoskeleton and MTOC structure.
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Acknowledgements
The research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (projects nos. 18-04-01314 and 19-34-90084). The work of AMS was conducted under the IDB RAS GBRP № 0088-2019-0005. IP was supported by the ZIN RAS research project АААА-А19-119031200042-9. SK was supported by the ZIN RAS research project AAAA-A19-119020690109-2. We thank Research Resource Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies (RRC MCT) at St. Petersburg State University for access to the EM facilities and the Morphology Service of the Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE). We are grateful to N. Kovalchuk for Lubomirskia larvae collection and fixation and Dr. Barry S. C. Leadbeater for editing the language of the text.
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Suppl. Fig. 1
Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the sponges based on the 18S dataset. Node support is indicated as branch labels, scale according to GTR + G + I model distances. (PNG 2995 kb)
Suppl. Fig. 2
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of sponges based on the 18S dataset. Node support is indicated as branch labels, scale according to GTR + G + I model distances. (PNG 2386 kb)
Suppl. Fig. 3
(PNG 127 kb)
Suppl. Table 1
Standard Categorical matrix of morphological characters used in the analysis. Polymorphisms are listed separated by the ‘&’ symbol; uncertain states are indicated by the ‘/’ symbol. Clades included in analysis are highlighted in blue. (DOCX 26 kb)
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Sokolova, A.M., Pozdnyakov, I.R., Schepetov, D.M. et al. Kinetid in larval cells of Spongillida (Porifera: Demospongiae): tracing the ancestral traits. Org Divers Evol 20, 669–680 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00460-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00460-1