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miRNA signatures in diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy: delineating underlying mechanisms

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Abstract

A worldwide failure to achieve glycemic targets has led to complications associated with diabetes mellitus. In addition to genetic and other risk factors, epigenetic factors like DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs play a significant part in the pathogenesis of complications. Among non-coding RNAs, miRNAs have been explored extensively since they control various biological processes. Their dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases including diabetic complications. Diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy are two common microvascular diabetic complications. Diabetic retinopathy affects the retina of the eye whereas nephropathy damages kidneys on account of prolonged hyperglycemia. This review aims to evaluate the role of miRNAs in diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy with an emphasis on the dysregulation of various pathways involved. In addition, the role of significant miRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of complications has also been discussed. Further, an update on the role of important miRNAs as potential therapeutic modalities has been given.

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Funding

Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, and CSIR (senior research fellowship to Prabhsimran Kaur [09/1051(0020)/2018-EMR-1]) are acknowledged for funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, India

    Prabhsimran Kaur, Sandeep Singh & Anjana Munshi

  2. Max Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity Care Centre, Max Superspeciality Hospital, Bathinda-151001, India

    Sushil Kotru

Authors
  1. Prabhsimran Kaur
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  2. Sushil Kotru
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  3. Sandeep Singh
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  4. Anjana Munshi
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Contributions

The idea of the article was framed by P. K., S. K., S. S., and A. M. Literature was searched by P. K. and A. M. and data analysis was done by P. K., S. K., and S. S. The draft was jointly prepared by P. K., S. K., S. S., and A. M. It was critically revised by A. M. and S. S. The authors declare that all data were generated in-house and that no paper mill was used.

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Correspondence to Sandeep Singh or Anjana Munshi.

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Data sharing does not apply to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

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Highlights

1. miRNAs play a significant role in the pathogenesis of microvascular diabetic complications, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic nephropathy, by regulating various pathways involved including inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress.

2. miRNAs, miR-29b, miR-29, miR-130a, miR-199a, miR-1983, miR-146-3p, miR-200b, miR-152, and miR-23-3p are important players in diabetic retinopathy and, on the other hand, miR-21, miR-29c, miR-145a, miR-377, miR-192, miR-200b/c, miR-216a/217, miR-26a, miR-192, miR-184, miR-135a, miR-221, and miR-217 are involved in diabetic nephropathy.

3. The relationship between the miRNA and diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy suggests that miRNAs can be explored as therapeutic targets with promising results and few side effects for the treatment of this complication.

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Kaur, P., Kotru, S., Singh, S. et al. miRNA signatures in diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy: delineating underlying mechanisms. J Physiol Biochem 78, 19–37 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-021-00867-0

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