Abstract
Gut microbiota, its evolutive dynamics and influence on host through its protective, trophic and metabolic actions, has a key role in health and opens unique opportunities for the identification of new markers of the physiopathological state of each individual. Alterations in gut microbiota composition have been associated with plenty disorders. Of interest, the vast number of studies demonstrates the role of microbiota in obesity, a serious public health problem that has reached epidemic proportions in many developed and middle-income countries. The economic and health costs of this condition and its comorbidities such as fatty liver, insulin resistance/diabetes, or cardiovascular events are considerable. Therefore, every strategy designed to reduce obesity would imply important savings. Targeting microbiota, in order to restore/modulate the microbiota composition with antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, or even fecal transplants, is considered as a promising strategy for the development of new solutions for the treatment of obesity. However, there is still lot to do in this field in order to identify the exact composition of microbiota in “health” and the specific mechanisms that regulate the host-microbiotal crosstalk. In addition, it is important to note that changes not only in the gut microbiota profile (abundance) but also in its metabolism and functions need to be taken into account in the context of contribution in the physiopathology of obesity and related disorders.
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Abbreviations
- 2-AG:
-
2-Arachidonoylglycerol
- ACC:
-
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- AMP:
-
Adenosine monophosphate
- AMPK:
-
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
- AOX :
-
Alternative oxidase
- AP-1:
-
Activator protein 1
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- CB1R/CB2R:
-
Cannabinoid receptor 1/2
- Ccl2 :
-
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2
- CD14:
-
CD14 molecule
- Cd36 :
-
CD36 molecule (thrombospondin receptor)
- Cd68 :
-
CD68 molecule
- CFU:
-
Colony-forming unit
- ChREBP:
-
Carbohydrate response element-binding protein
- Cpt1 :
-
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
- eCB:
-
Endocannabinoid system
- FAAH:
-
Fatty acid amide hydrolase
- Ffar2 :
-
Free fatty acid receptor 2
- FIAF:
-
Fasting-induced adipocyte factor
- FMT:
-
Fecal transplantation
- Gαi/Gαo/Gαq:
-
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein), alpha subunit i/o/q
- GLP-1/2:
-
Glucagon-like peptide 1/2
- GPRs:
-
G-protein-coupled receptors
- HDL:
-
High-density lipoprotein
- HFD:
-
High-fat diet
- HMP:
-
Human Microbiome Project
- IL-18:
-
Interleukin 18
- IL-1β:
-
Interleukin 1β
- LPL:
-
Lipoprotein lipase
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MD2:
-
Myeloid differentiation protein-2
- MetaHIT:
-
Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract
- MyD88:
-
Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88
- NAFLD:
-
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NLRs:
-
Nuclear oligodimerization receptors
- NOD1/2:
-
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1/2
- PGC-1:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha
- Ppara :
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- PYY:
-
Peptide YY
- SCFA:
-
Short chain fatty acids
- SREBP-1:
-
Sterol response element-binding protein type-1
- TG:
-
Triglyceride
- Th17 cell:
-
T helper 17 cell
- TLRs:
-
Toll-like receptors
- TMAO:
-
Trimethylamine N-oxide
- Tregs:
-
Regulatory T cells
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- ZO-1:
-
Zonula occludens protein-1
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Acknowledgments
This study was supported by Ref-Bio (POLYFrEsNOL project) and by Fundación Rioja Salud, Spain. MJ Villanueva-Millán was supported by a predoctoral grant from Consejería de Industria, Innovación y Empleo (La Rioja Government).
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Villanueva-Millán, M.J., Pérez-Matute, P. & Oteo, J.A. Gut microbiota: a key player in health and disease. A review focused on obesity. J Physiol Biochem 71, 509–525 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-015-0390-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-015-0390-3