Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Preparation and Evaluation of Polyurethane-Based Nanofibers for Controlled Release of Simvastatin for the Treatment of Cardiac Disorders

  • Research
  • Published:
BioNanoScience Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cardiac tissue engineering (CTE) is an important area of research due to the high demand for clinical applications. However, several challenges must be overcome to achieve success CTE. These challenges include cell-related issues such as low efficiency of cell seeding, poor cell survival rate, and immune rejection. In addition, designing and fabricating tissue constructs with suitable chemical and electromechanical properties for CTE is also difficult. The electrospinning technique is beneficial and can meet the requirements for use in CTE applications. The electrospinning technique can potentially solve common problems by producing a cell/nanofiber combination. In this article, we fabricated a copolymer scaffold containing gelatin (Gt) and polyurethane (Pu) using the electrospinning technique. The cytocompatibility of the nanofibers prepared to contain the H9C2-rat cardiomyoblast cell line incorporated in Gt was assessed by the 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Moreover, the controlled release and degradation rate of simvastatin were evaluated after its addition to the Pu-PGS-Gt group. Following that, the morphology of the nanofibers produced in diverse experimental groups (Pu, Pu-PGS, Pu-PGS-Gt, Pu-PGS-Gt-SIM) was monitored by the SEM method. The results indicate that adding simvastatin significantly improved cell viability in the Pu-PGS-Gt-SIM, and all scaffolds exhibited defect-free morphologies. Gt-SIM when added to the Pu-PGS-Gt solution, the diameter of the nanofibers decreased from 1.62 to 0.86 nm compared to Pu as a control group. Additionally, the drug release profile of the SIM when incorporated in nanofibers after 168 h is approximately 85% indicating the control release profile and prolonged drug delivery-based nanofiber properties. The results obtained confirmed that the presence of SIM in Pu-PGS-Gt nanofibers could provide a desirable approach for cell therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Sharing does not apply to this article as no data sets were generated. Data analysis in the current study was performed using publicly available datasets.

Abbreviations

Pu:

Polyurethane

CTE:

Cardiac tissue engineering

PGS:

Polyglycine

SIM:

Simvastatin

Gt:

Gelatin

MI:

Myocardial infarction

LV:

Left ventricular

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

References

  1. Heidenreich, P. A., et al. (2011). Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: A policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 123(8), 933–944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Thygesen, K., et al. (2007). Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 50(22), 2173–2195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Karimi Hajishoreh, N., Baheiraei, N., et al. Reduced graphene oxide facilitates biocompatibility of alginate for cardiac repair. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 35(4–5), 363–377.

  4. Tondnevis, F., Keshvari, H., & Mohandesi, J. A. (2020). Fabrication, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of electrospun polyurethane-gelatin-carbon nanotube scaffolds for cardiovascular tissue engineering applications. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 108(5), 2276–2293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kucinska-Lipka, J., et al. (2015). Fabrication of polyurethane and polyurethane-based composite fibers by the electrospinning technique for soft tissue engineering of cardiovascular system. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 46, 166–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Liu, Y., Wang, S., & Zhang, R. (2017). Composite poly (lactic acid)/chitosan nanofibrous scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 103, 1130–1137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Naureen, B., et al. (2021). Recent advances in tissue engineering scaffolds based on polyurethane and modified polyurethane. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 118, 111228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Celikkin, N., et al. (2018). 3D printing of thermoresponsive polyisocyanide (PIC) hydrogels as bioink and fugitive material for tissue engineering. Polymers, 10(5), 555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Garbayo, E., et al. (2017). Bioresorbable polymers for next-generation cardiac scaffolds. Bioresorbable polymers for biomedical applications (pp. 445–467). Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. Mathew, A. P., et al. (2017). Stimuli-regulated smart polymeric systems for gene therapy. Polymers, 9(4), 152.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  11. Binulal, N., et al. (2014). PCL–gelatin composite nanofibers electrospun using diluted acetic acid–ethyl acetate solvent system for stem cell-based bone tissue engineering. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 25(4), 325–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Chen, C.-H., et al. (2015). Dual functional core–sheath electrospun hyaluronic acid/polycaprolactone nanofibrous membranes embedded with silver nanoparticles for prevention of peritendinous adhesion. Acta Biomaterialia, 26, 225–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Ma, Z., et al. (2005). Grafting of gelatin on electrospun poly (caprolactone) nanofibers to improve endothelial cell spreading and proliferation and to control cell orientation. Tissue Engineering, 11(7–8), 1149–1158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Ma, W., et al. (2005). Thermally stable, efficient polymer solar cells with nanoscale control of the interpenetrating network morphology. Advanced Functional Materials, 15(10), 1617–1622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Campolongo, G., et al. (2016). The combination of nutraceutical and simvastatin enhances the effect of simvastatin alone in normalising lipid profile without side effects in patients with ischemic heart disease. IJC Metabolic & Endocrine, 11, 3–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Unnithan, A. R., et al. (2014). Electrospun antibacterial polyurethane–cellulose acetate–zein composite mats for wound dressing. Carbohydrate polymers, 102, 884–892.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Shamekhi, M. A., et al. (2019). Graphene oxide containing chitosan scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 127, 396–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Chen, R., et al. (2010). Preparation and charaSrization of coaxial electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane/collagen compound nanofibers for tissue engineering applications. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 79(2), 315–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Cahyana, A. H., et al. (2017). Preparation of Fe3O4/SiO2-guanidine organobase catalyst for 1, 5-diphenylpenta-2, 4-dien-1-one synthesis. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 188, p. 012026). IOP Publishing.

  20. Radhakrishnan, J., Krishnan, U. M., & Sethuraman, S. (2014). Hydrogel based injectable scaffolds for cardiac tissue regeneration. Biotechnology advances, 32(2), 449–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Gautam, S., et al. (2021). Gelatin-polycaprolactone-nanohydroxyapatite electrospun nanocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 119, 111588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ren, X., et al. (2021). Elucidating the optimum added dosage of Diatomite during co-composting of pig manure and sawdust: Carbon dynamics and microbial community. Science of the Total Environment, 777, 146058.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Chen, M., et al. (2007). Role of fiber diameter in adhesion and proliferation of NIH 3T3 fibroblast on electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds. Tissue Engineering, 13(3), 579–587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Salaberry, M. R., Comajoan, L., González, P. (2013). Integrating the analyses of tense and aspect across research and methodological frameworks. Research design and methodology in studies on L2 tense and aspect, 2, p. 423–450.

  25. Bartolucci, J., et al. (2017). Safety and efficacy of the intravenous infusion of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in patients with heart failure: A phase 1/2 randomized controlled trial (RIMECARD trial [randomized clinical trial of intravenous infusion umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on cardiopathy]). Circulation Research, 121(10), 1192–1204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ghosh, S., Roy, P., & Lahiri, D. (2022). Enhanced neurogenic differentiation on anisotropically conductive carbon nanotube reinforced polycaprolactone-collagen scaffold by applying direct coupling electrical stimulation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 218(A), 269–284.

  27. Tanigo, T., Takaoka, R., & Tabata, Y. (2010). Sustained release of water-insoluble simvastatin from biodegradable hydrogel augments bone regeneration. Journal of Controlled Release, 143(2), 201–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Ye, Z., et al. (2011). Myocardial regeneration: Roles of stem cells and hydrogels. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 63(8), 688–697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. KarimiHajishoreh, N., et al. (2020). Reduced graphene oxide facilitates biocompatibility of alginate for cardiac repair. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 35(4–5), 363–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Yahia, S., Khalil, I. A., & El-Sherbiny, I. M. (2023). Fortified gelatin-based hydrogel scaffold with simvastatin-mixed nanomicelles and platelet rich plasma as a promising bioimplant for tissue regeneration. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 225, 730–744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The research reported in this publication was supported by the Elite Researcher Grant Committee under award number (4000443) from the National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD), Tehran, Iran.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Health Research Center, Chamran Hospital, Tehran, Iran

    Negar Karimi Hajishoreh & Hassan Mellatyar

  2. Department of Chemistry, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran

    Sharif Kaamyabi

  3. Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Farhad Abasalizadeh & Abolfazl Akbarzadeh

  4. Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Abolfazl Akbarzadeh

Authors
  1. Negar Karimi Hajishoreh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hassan Mellatyar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sharif Kaamyabi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Farhad Abasalizadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors helped in performing and drafting the manuscript. The authors read and approved the final manuscript. NKH conceptualized research; AA, HM, and FA supervised research; NKH and AA performed research and analyzed data. All authors contributed to the writing and review of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abolfazl Akbarzadeh.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Research Involving Humans and Animals Statement

None.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

N/A

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Funding

The authors thank the Department of Tissue Engineering and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science of Tabriz University for all support provided (grant number: 4000443).

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hajishoreh, N.K., Mellatyar, H., Kaamyabi, S. et al. Preparation and Evaluation of Polyurethane-Based Nanofibers for Controlled Release of Simvastatin for the Treatment of Cardiac Disorders. BioNanoSci. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-024-01380-6

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-024-01380-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation