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Theranostic Polymeric Nanoparticles for Cancer

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Abstract

Nanotechnology has contributed significantly in the development of nanoparticles for therapy and imaging of a variety of cancer types. The low systemic toxicity of most theranostic nanoparticles can lead to effective cancer treatment, monitoring and imaging, with improved outcomes compared to conventional cancer treatment and imaging options. The current review highlights the major factors associated with the development of polymeric nanoparticles in cancer theranostics, a field which has gained significant interest in recent years. Fundamental aspects for the synthesis, modification, and characterization of polymeric nanoparticles are discussed with key advancements in passive and active targeting using such nanoparticles provided. Also indirect factors such as physical and biological barriers in biological systems where particles are used for cancer theranostics are presented. The goal of this review is to provide researchers sufficient scientific information for constructing effective nanocarriers for cancer therapy and imaging.

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Abbreviations

PEG:

polyethylene glycol

PDLLA:

poly(d,l-lactic acid)

PLGA:

poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

PCL:

poly(ε-caprolactone)

PVA:

polyvinyl alcohol

MPS:

mononuclear phagocytic system

IFP:

interstitial fluid pressure

ECM:

extracellular matrix

EPR:

enhanced permeability and retention

O/W:

oil-in-water

W/O/W:

water-in-oil-in-water

PDMS:

polydimethylsiloxane

PRINT:

Particle Replication In Non-wetting Templates

MNPs:

magnetite nanoparticles

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

PHBV:

poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)

PDA:

polydopamine

PTX:

paclitaxel

RGD:

arginine-glycine-aspartic acid

DIR or DiR:

1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide

FITC:

fluorescein isothiocyanate

PCLA-PEG-PCLA:

poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide)

DOX:

doxorubicin

Dox:

doxorubicin

Ce6:

chlorin e6

PDT:

photodynamic therapy

PA:

photoacoustic

SRB:

sulforhodamine B

CUR:

curcumin

RNA:

ribonucleic acid

Apts:

aptamers

EpCAM:

epithelial cell adhesion molecule

PEI:

polyethylenimine

bDNA:

bulk DNA

SIM:

simvastatin

IONPs:

iron oxide nanoparticles

VCR:

vincristine

VRP:

verapamil

PDDA:

poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)

Cy5.5:

cyanine5.5

PXN:

paxillin

gRNA:

guide RNA

HA:

hyaluronic acid

Gd-DTPA:

diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-gadolinium

Doc:

docetaxel

siRNA:

small interfering RNA

Tg:

6-thioguanine

BODIPY:

ethynyl-boron-dipyrromethene

SPIONs:

superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

EDC:

1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide

DCC:

dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

NHS:

N-hydroxysuccinimide

Sulfo-NHS:

N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide

SATA:

N-succinimidyl-S-acetylthioacetate

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

Pc:

phthalocyanine

pNIPAM:

poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

PMMA:

poly(methyl methacrylate)

MPN:

metal-phenolic network

CS:

chitosan

AA:

acrylic acid

PPV:

poly(p-phenylenevinylene)

EGFR:

epidermal growth factor receptor

FA:

folic acid

Pdots:

polymer dots

PPy:

polypyrrole

AAC:

azide-alkyne cycloaddition

MPU:

multiblock polyurethane

DMSO:

dimethyl sulfoxide

NIR:

near-infrared

PTT:

photothermal therapy

ACQ:

aggregation caused quenching

MFI:

median fluorescence intensity

DEM:

dimethyl ester

OR-PAM:

optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy

SDS:

sodium dodecyl sulfate

NIPAm:

N-isopropylacrylamide

BIS:

N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide

APS:

ammonium persulfate

TEMED:

tetramethylethylenediamine

LCST:

lower critical solution temperature

PCPDTBT:

poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)−4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]

CP-NPs:

conjugated polymeric nanoparticles

DPBF:

1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran

HPMA:

N-(2-hydroxypropylmethyl) acrylamide

CMC:

critical micelle concentration

DTT:

dithiothreitol

PDI:

polydispersity index

TGI:

tumor growth inhibition

MVD:

microvessel density

DPNs:

discoidal polymeric nanoparticles

USPIOs:

ultra-small super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

RhB:

rhodamine B

nAChR:

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

RVG:

rabies virus glycoprotein

THF:

tetrahydrofuran

PFBTDBT10:

poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorene)-co-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole]

ECM:

extracellular matrix

CMCh:

carboxymethyl chitosan

BAPE:

4-hydroxymethyl-pinacol phenylborate

CMCh-BAPE:

carboxymethyl chitosan and benzeneboronic acid pinacol ester

ICG:

indocyanine green

ApoE:

apolipoprotein-E

LDL:

low-density lipoprotein

US:

ultrasound

RF:

radio frequency

Gd:

gadolinium

SPIO:

superparamagnetic iron oxide

CT:

computed tomography

PET:

positron emission tomography

SPECT:

single-photon emission computerized tomography

LPHNs:

polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles

PSMs:

polymer-surfactant micelles

PSNPs:

polymer-surfactant nanoparticles

CDs:

cyclodextrins

PDCs:

Polymer-drug conjugates

Polysorbate 20:

polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate

NEM:

nano-embedded particles

NLS:

nuclear localization sequence

PVOH:

polyvinyl alcohol

CuAAC:

copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition

pNIPAAm:

poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

HSA:

human serum albumin

MEH-PPV:

poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]

GSH:

glutathione

DAPI:

4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole

TFP:

thermoresponsive fluorescent particles

BPLP:

biodegradable photo-luminescent polymer

BPLP-Ser:

biodegradable photo-luminescent polymer with serine

SBC:

sodium bicarbonate

BPLP-SBC:

biodegradable photo-luminescent polymer with sodium bicarbonate

TFP-SBC:

thermoresponsive fluorescent particles with sodium bicarbonate

DI:

deionized

WBPLP-AH:

water-soluble BPLP-allylamine crosslinked polymer

MES:

2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid

GFLG:

glycylphenylalanylleucylglycyl

RAFT:

reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer

CTA-GFLGKGLFG-CTA:

N-glycylphenylalanylleucylglycyl di-4-cyano-4-(phenylcarbonothioylthio)pentanoate

VA044:

2,2,-[azobis(1-methylethylidene)]bis[4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole] dihydrochloride

MA-GFLG-PTX:

N-methacryloyl-glycylphenylalanylleucylglycyl-paclitaxel

PTEMA:

N-[2-(2-pyridyldithio)]ethyl methacrylamide

MR:

magnetic resonance

FI:

fluorescence imaging

DD:

drug delivery

USI:

ultrasound imaging

PAI:

photoacoustic imaging

RT:

radiotherapy

DTX:

docetaxel

PBS:

phosphate buffered saline

MC:

methylene chloride

W/O:

water-in-oil

GNPs:

gas-generating nanoparticles

PLG:

poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)

DiI:

1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate

PCPDTBSe:

poly[4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole-4,7-diyl]

HDAPPs:

hybrid donor acceptor polymer particles

CRC:

colorectal cancer

BBB:

blood-brain barrier

PS 80:

polysorbate 80

ICGD:

indocyanine green derivative

SN38 or SN-38:

7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin

Pba:

pheophorbide a

CPT:

camptothecin

VEGFR:

vascular endothelial growth factor receptor

MTD::

maximum tolerated dose

NSCLC:

non-small cell lung cancer

PGlu:

polyglutamate

DLT:

dose-limiting toxicity

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    Donald A. Fernandes

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Fernandes, D.A. Theranostic Polymeric Nanoparticles for Cancer. BioNanoSci. 13, 1609–1644 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-023-01151-9

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