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A Focus on Biomaterials Based on Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles: an Indispensable Tool for Emerging Biomedical Applications

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Abstract

Calcium phosphate (CaP) is a kind of eco-friendly biodegradable material chemically similar to human hard tissue like bone and teeth and is highly biocompatible. CaPs have excellent biological quality, are cheap and easy to produce, are safe, and may be approved for clinical applications quite fast. CaP materials have proven themselves, yet their future is still bright. Today’s major global public health issue is the prevalence of injury and illness brought on by bone fractures. There are a number of problems with the current treatments that call for research into better methods of dealing with bone disorders. Gene therapy has recently gained attention as a promising strategy for efficient bone repair and regeneration via the use of RNA interference (RNAi) systems to modulate gene expression in the bone microenvironment. CaP nanoparticles have been shown to be efficient transporters for biomolecules that cannot enter cells to exert their biological impacts, such as nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, antibodies, and medicines. Surface functionalization and incorporation of cargo molecules make these nanoparticles distinct from their solid counterparts. This protects against nucleases and allows for selective cellular targeting. In this overview, we looked at the fundamentals of nanoparticles of calcium phosphates, including their production techniques, physicochemical features, and applications in transfection, gene silencing, drug administration, the environment, electricity, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biomedicine. This study is predicted to be extremely valuable and advantageous to the researcher in the future progress of the research work in therapeutic applications since it comprises very comprehensive thoughts about calcium phosphate nanoparticles.

Graphical Abstract

Calcium phosphate is known to be a “super material” with improved biological qualities such as bioactivity, biodegradability, cellular function, and osteoconduction. The synthesis and fabrication of calcium phosphate by different crucial techniques in enhancing the physical and chemical properties allow it to be potential in various bioengineering fields such as drug delivery, bone regeneration, gene silencing, and electrical as well as environmental applications.

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Data Availability

Data inculded in the journal has been properly supported by appropriate references. Although all the figures and schemes in the article has been prepared by our own.

Abbreviations

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

ADP:

Adenosine diphosphate

CaP:

Calcium phosphate

PCBs:

Polychlorinated biphenyls

NZVI:

Nanoscale zero-valent iron

LED:

Light-emitting diode

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

PET:

Positron emission tomography

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

UV:

Ultraviolet

SAXS:

Small-angle X-ray scattering

SANS:

Small-angle neutron scattering

GI:

Grazing incidence

XR:

X-ray

NR:

Neutron reflectometry

MCPM:

Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate

DCPD:

Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate

SSA:

Specific surface area

HA:

Hydroxyapatite

TCP:

Tricalcium phosphate

DoE:

Design of experiment

NPs:

Nanoparticles

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

BET:

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

TGA:

Thermo gravimetric analyzer

IAP:

Ion activity products

Ca:

Calcium

P:

Phosphate

TRITC:

Tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

eGFP:

Enhanced green fluorescent protein

RISC:

RNA-induced silencing complex

HeLa:

Human cervix epithelial cells

PDT:

Photodynamic therapy

mTHPP:

5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(3-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin

WSL:

White spots lesion

ACP:

Amorphous calcium phosphate

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PLGA:

Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)

PCL:

Polycaprolactone

PLLA:

Poly (l-lactic acid)

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Acknowledgements

The authorsgratefully acknowledge the National Institute of Technology (NIT), Arunachal Pradesh, India, for the assistance and support.

Funding

This study received financial support from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, India (project grant no. 22(0847)/20/EMR-II, dated: 10.12.2020).

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  1. Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, Arunachal, Pradesh, 791113, India

    Abinash Das, Togam Ringu & Nabakumar Pramanik

  2. Department of Students Welfare, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Kalyani, 741249, West Bengal, India

    Sampad Ghosh

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Das, A., Ghosh, S., Ringu, T. et al. A Focus on Biomaterials Based on Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles: an Indispensable Tool for Emerging Biomedical Applications. BioNanoSci. 13, 795–818 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-023-01081-6

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