Abstract
In this work, the effect of Cr content (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt%) on the porosity percentage, cell walls microstructure, and mechanical behavior of the steel foams containing 0.6 wt% C, 1.5 wt% Cu, and 2 wt% P manufactured by powder metallurgy using leachable space holder technique was investigated. The microstructure of the cell walls was evaluated by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical behavior of the manufactured foams was studied by compression and hardness tests. The porosity values of the steel foams were between 72 and 76%, and increase in Cr content (from 0 to 4 wt%) did not have significant effect on the porosity. The results revealed that the microstructure of cell walls comprised of copper islands, intergranular carbides, phosphorus phases, and pearlite. The liquid phase sintering (LPS), solution strengthening by Cr, and the formation of intergranular carbides lead to improve the mechanical behavior of steel foams. The elastic region, long sawtooth plateau region, and fracture point are manifestly observed in the compressional stress versus strain curves. By increasing the Cr content, the plateau stress (from 41.7 to 153.2 MPa), the fracture point stress (from 42.3 to 182.4 MPa), and the elasticity modulus (from 1.23 to 3.73 GPa) increase.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Banhart J, Prog Mater Sci 46 (2001) 559.
Ashby M F, Evans A G, Fleck N A, Gibson L J, Hutchinson J W, and Wadley H N G, Metal Foams: A Design Guide, Butterworth–Heinemann, Boston (2000), p 26.
Degischer H P, and Kriszt B, Handbook of Cellular Metals, Production, Processing and Applications, Wiley–VCH/Verlag GmbH, Weinheim (2002) p 65.
Srinath G, Vadiraj A, Balachandran G, Sahu S N, and Gokhale A A, Trans Indian Inst Met 63 (2010) 765.
Banhart J, Vinod-Kumar G S, Kamm P H, Neu T R, and Garcia-Moreno F, C T Mat 28 (2016) 1.
Bhattachary A, Calmidi V V, and Mahajan R L, Int J Heat Mass Transf 45 (2002) 1017.
Kim S, and Lee C W, Proc Mater Sci 4 (2014) 305.
Banhart J, Production of Metal Foams, Handbook of Comprehensive Composite Materials II, Academic Press, Oxford (2018) p 347.
Park C, and Nutt S R, Mater Sci Eng A 297 (2001) 62.
Golabgir M H, Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi R, Torabi O, Tajizadegan H, and Jamshidi A, Adv Powder Technol 25 (2014) 960.
Park C, and Nutt S R, Mater Sci Eng A 288 (2000) 111.
Smith B H, Szyniszewski S, Hajjar J F, Schafer B W, and Arwade S R, J Constr Steel Res 71 (2012) 1.
Tian D, Pang Y, Yu L, and Sun L, Int J Min Met Mater 23 (2016) 793.
Esen Z, and Bor S, Mater Sci Eng A 528 (2011) 3200.
Xie B, Fan Y Z, Mu T Z, and Deng B, Mater Sci Eng A 708 (2017) 419.
Aida S F, Hijrah M N, Amirah A H, Zuhailawati H, and Anasyida A S, Procedia Chem 19 (2016) 234.
Pang Q, Hu Z, and Wang G, T Nonferr Metal Soc 27 (2017) 1052.
Bansiddhi A, and Dunand D C, Acta Biomater 4 (2008) 1996.
Sharma M, Gupta G K, Modi O P, Prasad B K, and Gupta A K, Mater Lett 65 (2011) 3199.
Bafti H, and Habibolah Zadeh A, Mater Des 31 (2010) 4122.
Shimizu T, Matsuzaki K, Nagai H, and Kanetake N, Mater Sci Eng A 558 (2012) 343.
Bekoz N, and Oktay E, Mater Des 53 (2014) 482.
Bekoz N, and Oktay E, Mater Sci Eng A 576 (2013) 82.
Bekoz N, and Oktay E, J Mater Process Technol 212 (2012) 2109.
Mondal D P, Jain H, Das S, and Jha A K, Mater Des 88 (2015) 430.
Mirzaei M, and Paydar M H, Mater Des 121 (2017) 442.
Mutlu I, and Oktay E, J Mater Sci Technol 29 (2013) 582.
Jiang B, Zhao N, Shi C, and Li J, Scripta Mater 53 (2005) 781.
Simchi A, Mater Lett 62 (2008) 2840.
Wong-Angel W D, Tellez-Jurado L, Chavez-Alcala J F, Chavira-Martinez E, and Verduzco-Cedeno V F, Mater Des 58 (2014) 12.
German R M, Suri P, and Park S J, J Mater Sci 44 (2009) 1.
Wu M W, Cai W Z, Lin Z J, and Chang S H, Mater Des 133 (2017) 536.
Bergman O, Chasoglou D, and Dahlstrom M, Met Powder Rep 73 (2018) 21.
Chauhan S, Verma V, Prakash U, Tewari P C, and Khanduj D, Mater Today-Proc 3 (2016) 2899.
Acknowledgements
This work research was sponsored by Quchan University of Technology under Contract No. 96/8428. The authors would like to thank the Financial Deputy of Quchan University of Technology.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sazegaran, H., Feizi, A. & Hojati, M. Effect of Cr Contents on the Porosity Percentage, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Steel Foams Manufactured by Powder Metallurgy. Trans Indian Inst Met 72, 2819–2826 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-019-01758-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-019-01758-1