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Caldelas and Gerês hydrothermal systems (NW Portugal): a comparative study based on geochemical and isotopic signatures

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Abstract

A study based on geochemical and environmental isotope data was performed in two low-temperature hydrothermal systems in NW Portugal (Caldelas and Gerês hydrothermal systems). This study aims to demonstrate the role of integrated hydrogeological tools for developing conceptual models of groundwater circulation. The studied hydrothermal systems are ascribed to groundwater circulation in fractured calc-alkaline/alkaline granitic contexts, responsible for different groundwater geochemical types. Caldelas hydrothermal system is dominated by Ca/Na-HCO3 waters, while at Gerês, the hydrothermal system is characterized by Na-HCO3-type waters. The isotopic signatures indicate that the preferential recharge areas are located at very different altitudes (Caldelas around 171 m a.s.l. and Gerês between 912 and 1118 m a.s.l.). The thermomineral waters issue with a mean temperature of 27 °C (Caldelas) and 43 °C (Gerês). Several geothermometers were used to estimate the reservoir temperature and the corresponding depth reached by the hydrothermal systems. At Caldelas, the mean estimated reservoir temperature was 42 ± 6 °C, using only the chalcedony and K2/Mg geothermometers, which suggests depths around 0.93 km. In the Gerês thermal area, the chalcedony, K2/Mg, and Na/K/Ca (β = 4/3) geothermometers gave a mean estimated reservoir temperature of 96 ± 5 °C, suggesting depths close to 2.8 km. In both case studies, conceptual circulation models are proposed, based on: geological heterogeneities, geochemical and isotopic signatures, mean preferential recharge altitudes, groundwater circulation paths, and mean residence time.

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(adapted from Pedrosa 1999)

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Acknowledgements

C2TN|IST authors acknowledge the FCT (Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation) support through the FCT-UIDB/04349/2020 project; CERENA|IST recognize the FCT support through the strategic project FCT-UIDB/04028/2020. JEM is thankful to the funding provided by the Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT), under FCT contracts UID/GEO/04683/2019 and COMPETE POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007690. HIC was supported partially under the framework of the labcarga|ISEP re-equipment program (IPP-ISEP|PAD’2007/08) and Centre GeoBioTec|UA (UID/GEO/04035/2019). An early draft of this manuscript was critically read by two anonymous reviewers and the authors gratefully acknowledge their contribution.

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  1. Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, ao km 139,7, 2695-066, Bobadela, Portugal

    Paula M. Carreira & Dina Nunes

  2. Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal

    José Manuel Marques & Ana Guerra

  3. ICT, Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Jorge Espinha Marques

  4. CEGOT, Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    José Teixeira

  5. Laboratory of Cartography and Applied Geology (LABCARGA), Department of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal and Centre GeoBioTec|UA, Porto, Portugal

    José Teixeira & Helder I. Chaminé

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Carreira, P.M., Marques, J.M., Guerra, A. et al. Caldelas and Gerês hydrothermal systems (NW Portugal): a comparative study based on geochemical and isotopic signatures. Environ Earth Sci 80, 100 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09389-w

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