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Estimation of snow and glacial melt contribution through stable isotopes and assessment of its impact on river morphology through stream power approach in two Himalayan river basins

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Abstract

The impact of increased temperature on the Third Pole, as the Himalayas is referred to, and the likely cascading impacts on the general downstream hydrology have been widely noted. However, the impact on fluvial geomorphology has not received specific attention. Change in the glacial domain in terms of melt increase will change discharge and sediment flux into fluvial system, which will induce changes in fluvial processes and forms. The present work attempts to study this process-based glacio-fluvial coupling in the two neighbouring glaciated river basins in the Northwest Himalaya, viz., the Sutlej and the Yamuna river basins till the mountain front. A total of 194 samples of river, tributary and groundwater of pre- and post-monsoon seasons in the two river basins were analysed for stable isotopes. The trend of δ18O and electrical conductivity along the mainstream gives qualitative idea on the influence of headwaters in the downstream of the catchment thereby allowing inference on melt contribution. Further, two component mixing model using stable oxygen isotope of two seasons water samples showed that melt contributes about 41.1–66.8 and 6.6–10.6% at different points to the total river discharge in the Sutlej and the Tons River (the glaciated, major tributary of the Yamuna River) basins, respectively. For different scenarios of increase in melt, stream power increase in the Sutlej River basin is significant as opposed to the Tons River. River channel in the Sutlej River basin will be significantly more impacted in comparison with the Yamuna River system.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Dr. R. D. Singh, Director, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee for permitting to carry out this study. The authors are also thankful to Mr. Vishal Gupta and Mr. Jamil Ahmad for providing assistance in analysing the sample on IRMS. The stream power work was carried out in the project Ganga River Basin Environment Management Plan (GRBEMP) funded by Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF). Authors are thankful to Central Water Commission (CWC) for providing hydrological data of the Yamuna River. LSV would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance extended by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, India, in the form of Junior/Senior Research Fellowships (JRF/SRF) (Grant No. 09/045/(1121)/2011-EMR-I).

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  1. Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India

    L. Sardine Varay & S. K. Singh

  2. National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247667, India

    S. P. Rai

  3. Discipline of Earth Sciences, IIT Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India

    Vikrant Jain

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Varay, L.S., Rai, S.P., Singh, S.K. et al. Estimation of snow and glacial melt contribution through stable isotopes and assessment of its impact on river morphology through stream power approach in two Himalayan river basins. Environ Earth Sci 76, 809 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-7142-3

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