Abstract
The site of the Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno (Genoa, Northern Italy, about 0.33 km2 wide) was addressed by a systematic analysis of decay factors for monuments, to identify potential management concerns. Geologic (structural and stratigraphic), geomorphologic, hydrogeological, hydrologic, meteorological (between 1947 and 2007), botanic and urbanistic (land use) analyses were addressed, and thematic cartography edited for each issue. The decay was observed on ten monuments in white Carrara marble placed in four different areas of the Cemetery (highly vegetated alluvial plain, mildly steep hill slope, south-facing hill slopes, humid creek banks, sheltered galleries, etc.). At the mesoscale, the monuments were addressed for detailed survey, rendered as a weathering map, coupled with decay quantification by the Fitzner indexes. The large- and mesoscale analysis was associated with in situ observation and microinvasive ablation of the surface deposits. These were then analysed by plane polarized light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope with microprobe (SEM + EDS). Finally, to enhance field observations, all decay evidences were gathered into a protocol inspired to the UNI 11182 weathering descriptions grouped in (1) chromatic alteration (2) ablation weathering (3) accretional weathering. By calibrating the influence of each factor and agent, we attained a weathering zonation into subareas (e.g. Cimitero Protestante, Porticato Inferiore, Boschetto Irregolare, Galleria Pontasso).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Angeli M, Bigas JP, Benavente D, Menéndez B, Hébert R, David C (2007) Salt crystallization in pores: quantification and estimation of damage. Environ Geol 52:187–195. doi:10.1007/s00254-006-0509-5
Canuti P (2000) Hydrogeological hazard and risk in archaeological sites: some case studies in Italy. J Cult Herit 1:117–125. doi:10.1016/S1296-2074(00)00158-8
Eppes MC, Griffing D (2010) Granular disintegration of marble in nature: a thermal-mechanical origin for a grus and corestone landscape. Geomorphology 117:170–180. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.028
Fermo P, Turrion RG, Rosa M, Omegna A (2014) A new approach to assess the chemical composition of powder deposits damaging the stone surfaces of historical monuments. Environ Sci Pollut Res. doi:10.1007/s11356-014-3855-y
Fitzner B, Heinrichs K, La Bouchardiere D (2002) Damage index for stone monuments. In: Galan E. and Zezza F. (eds.) Prot conserv cult herit mediterr cities, Proc 5th Int Symp Conserv Monum Mediterr Basin, Sevilla, Spain, 5–8 April 2000 315–326
Herrera LK, Videla HA (2004) The importance of atmospheric effects on biodeterioration of cultural heritage constructional materials. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 54:125–134. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.06.002
Ibrahim H, Kamh G (2005) The negative effect of environmental geological conditions of some geo-archaeological sites of North Coast and Alexandria. Environ Geol 49:179–187
Inkpen RJ, Jackson J (2000) Contrasting weathering rates in coastal, urban and rural areas in southern Britain: preliminary investigations using gravestones. Earth Surf Process Landf 25:229–238. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(200003)25:3
Moropoulou A, Polikreti K (2009) Principal component analysis in monument conservation: three application examples. J Cult Herit 10:73–81. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2008.03.007
Shushakova V, Fuller ER, Siegesmund S (2011) Influence of shape fabric and crystal texture on marble degradation phenomena: simulations. Environ Earth Sci 63:1587–1601
Shushakova V, Fuller ER, Siegesmund S (2013) Microcracking in calcite and dolomite marble: microstructural influences and effects on properties. Environ Earth Sci 69:1263–1279. doi:10.1007/s12665-012-1995-2
Siegesmund S, Snethlage R (2011) Stone in architecture: properties, durability. 5th edn, Springer, p 550
Török Á, Prikryl R (2010) Current methods and future trends in testing, durability analyses and provenance studies of natural stones used in historical monuments. Eng Geol 115:139–142. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.07.003
Wedekind W, López-Doncel R, Dohrmann R, Kocher M, Siegesmund S (2013) Weathering of volcanic tuff rocks caused by moisture expansion. Environ Earth Sci 69:1203–1224. doi:10.1007/s12665-012-2158-1
Weiss T, Siegesmund S, Fuller ER (2003) Thermal degradation of marble: indications from finite-element modelling. Build Environ 38:1251–1260. doi:10.1016/S0360-1323(03)00082-9
Acknowledgements
We wish to dedicate this work to the late Franco Sborgi, professor of Modern Art at Genoa University. The authors acknowledge the help of Laura Negretti (UNIGE) in SEM–EDS analyses. The financial support was provided by “Analisi delle proprietà microstrutturali, chimico-fisiche di materiali inorganici; determinazioni quantitative della composizione mineralogica di materiali naturali e delle proprietà tecniche dei materiali litici” Laboratory funds, DISTAV, University of Genoa.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gaggero, L., Scrivano, S. & Landi, D. The Staglieno Monumental Cemetery (Genoa, Italy): microenvironment characterization through weathering indicators. Environ Earth Sci 76, 329 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6654-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6654-1