Abstract
This study presents the results of a geophysical survey undertaken by 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) along two traverses. The study was conducted between an industrial park (IP) and a residential area bounding the Hoa Khanh Industrial Park, Da Nang, Vietnam. The first traverse, 300 m long, which is at the boundary between the industrial park and Bau Tram Lake, includes 504 measured data points. The second traverse, which includes 189 measured data points, is 200 m in length and runs alongside the boundary between Bau Tram Lake and the residential area. Bau Tram Lake is located between the IP and the residential area and acts as a natural boundary. After discarding noisy data points, the data were processed using the commercial software Res2dinv which creates a 2D visual section of the resistivity distribution below surface using a finite difference algorithm and the method of least squares inversion. The result of an inversion, which is a simulated 2D resistivity image of the subsurface or Electrical Resistivity Tomogram (ERT), showed the formation characteristics and geological structure along the first traverse from surface to 39.4 m in depth, including two overlapping geological layers with indistinctive local boundaries. The resulting image illustrates the amalgamation of anthropometric transported soil and rocks with local lake material, brought into the lake from other areas, to fill up the lake with rock and improve the engineering foundation for the construction of the industrial park buildings. The research results show that the main components of the second geological layer on both sides of the survey area have the same electrical signature associated with black mud and sand and represent the natural lake sediments. The inferred groundwater level identified in the electrical imagery and two boreholes corresponds approximately to the water level in Bau Tram Lake. At a depth of approximately 10 m along both traverses, the groundwater in Bau Tram Lake and the surrounding residential areas is contaminated by electrolytes and heavy metals. Furthermore, the groundwater inside the industrial park contains a significant amount of industrial electrolytes (with a high probability of chemicals such as KCl, NaCl) and heavy metal contamination (with a high probability of elements such as Pb, Hg, Zn) at a greater density than measured in the residential areas. This suggests that Bau Tram Lake acts as a filter to strongly reduce the movement of these toxic substances from seeping into the groundwater below the residential area.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abu-Shariah MI (2009) Determination of cave geometry by using a geoelectrical resistivity inverse model. Eng Geol 105:239–244
Aizebeokhai AP, Olayinka AI, Singh VS (2009) Numerical evaluation of 3D geoelectrical resistivity imaging for environmental and engineering investigations using orthogonal 2D profiles. SEG Expanded Abstracts 28:1440–1444
Aizebeokhai AP, Olayinka AI, Singh VS (2010)1 Application of 2D and 3D geoelectrical resistivity imaging for engineering site investigation in a crystalline basement terrain, southwestern Nigeria. Environ Earth Sci 61:1481–1492
Amidu SA, Dunbar JA (2007) Integrating continuous resistivity profiling (CRP) into water reservoir salinity studies – numerical and field evaluation. SEG Expanded Abstracts 26:1172–1176
Amidu SA, Olayinka AI (2006) Environmental assessment of sewage disposal systems using 2D electrical resistivity imaging and geochemical analysis: a case study from Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Environ Eng Geosci 7(3):261–272
Bentley LR, Gharibi M (2004) Two-and three-dimensional electrical resistivity imaging at a heterogeneous site. Geophysical 69:674–680
Breier JA, Breier CF, Edmonds HN (2005) Detecting submarine groundwater discharge with synoptic surveys of sediment resistivity, radium, and salinity. Geophys Res Lett 32:226–235
Candansayar ME (2008) Two-dimensional individual and joint inversion of three- and four-electrode array dc resistivity data. J Geophys Eng 5:290–300
Cassiani G, Bruno V, Villa A, Fusi N, Binley AM (2006) A saline trace test monitored viatime-lapse surface electrical resistivity tomography. J Appl Geophys 59:244–259
Dahlin T, Zhou B (2004) A numerical comparison of 2-D resistivity imaging with 10 electrode arrays. Geophys Prospect 52:379–398
Daniels F, Alberty RA (1966) Physical chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York
Dey A, Morrison HF (1979) Resistivity modeling for arbitrarily shaped two-dimensional structures. Geophys Prospect 27:1020–1036
Fletcher GFA (1965) Standard penetration test: its uses and abuses. J Soil Mech Found. Div., ASCE, v. 91:SM4:67-75
Griffiths DH, Barker RD (1993) Two dimensional resistivity imaging and modelling in areas of complex geology. J Appl Geophy 29:211–226
Griffiths DH, Turnbull J (1985) A multi-electrode array for resistivity surveying. First Break 3:16–20
Griffiths DH, Turnbull J, Olayinka AI (1990) Two-dimensional resistivity mapping with a complex controlled array. First Break 8:121–129
Inazumi Shinya (2011) In-situ ground surveying by the NSWS testing machine. Int J Geomate 1(1):1–9
Keller GV, Frischknecht FC (1966) Electrical methods in geophysical prospecting. Pergamon Press Inc., Oxford
Le NT, Nguyen TV (2004) Application of geophysical methods to study geologycal structures of Mekong river bank to determine the weak zones capable of erosion. Procee Int Symp Shall Geol Geophys, Hanoi, Vietnam 3:77–85
Le NT, Nguyen TV (2005) Application of geophysical methods to study the inhomogeneity of electric conductivity in geoenvironment, international conference on deltas (Mekong venue). Geol Model Manag Ho Chi Minh city Vietnam 2:58–67
Loke MH (2001) Tutorial: 2-D and 3-D electrical imaging surveys, 118p. Copyright (1996–2001) M.H.Loke
Loke MH (2004) Rapid 2D resistivity and IP inversion using the least-squares method: Res2Dinv ver 3.54. Geotomo software
Loke MH (2010) RES2DINV ver. 3.59 for Windows XP/Vista/7. Rapid 2-D Resistivity and IP inversion using the least-squares method Wenner (α,β,γ), dipole-dipole, inline pole-pole, pole- dipole, equatorial dipole-dipole, offset pole-dipole, Wenner-Schlumberger, gradient and non-conventional arrays On land, water and cross-borehole surveys. Geomoto software, Malaysia
Loke MH (2011) Electrical resistivity surveys and data interpretation. In Gupta, H (ed), Solid Earth Geophysics Encyclopaedia (2nd Edition) “Electrical and Electromagnetic” Springer-Verlag, 276–283
Loke MH, Barker RD (1995) Improvements to the Zohdy method for the inversion of resistivity sounding and pseudesection data. Comput Geosci 21(2):321–322
McGillvray PR, Oldenburg DW (1990) Methods for calculating Frechet derivatives and sensitivities for he non-linear inverse problem, a comparative study. Geophysical Prospecting 38:499–524
Olayinka AI (1999) Advantage of two-dimensional geoelectrical imaging for groundwater prospecting: case study from Ira, southwestern Nigeria. Water Res J Nig Assoc Hydrogeol 10:55–61
Olayinka AI, Yaramanci U (1999) Choice of the best model in 2-D geoelectrical imaging: case study from a waste dump site. Eu J Environ Eng Geophy 3:221–244
Olayinka AI, Yaramanci U (2000) Use of block Inversion in the 2D interpretation of apparent resistivity data and its comparision with smooth inversion. J Appl Geophys 45:403–416
Ramirez A, Daily W, LaBreque DJ, Roelant D (1996) Detection of leaks in underground storage tanks using electrical resistance methods. J Environ Eng Geophy 1:189–203
Sasaki Y (1989) Two-dimensional joint inversion of magnetotelluric and dipole-dipole resistivity data. Geophysics 54:174–187
Stummer P, Maurer H, Green A (2004) Experimental design: electrical resistivity data sets that provides optimum subsurface information. Geophy 69:120–139
Van Schoor M (2002) Detecting of sinkholes using 2D electrical resistivity imaging. J Appl Geophysics 50:393–399
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam under the project number of B2014-01-16, Chair: Dr. Le Phuoc Cuong; Authors would like to thank Professor E. H. Stettler from the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa for his valuable comments and recommendations.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cuong, L.P., Van Tho, L., Juzsakova, T. et al. Imaging the movement of toxic pollutants with 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) in the geological environment of the Hoa Khanh Industrial Park, Da Nang, Vietnam. Environ Earth Sci 75, 286 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5253-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5253-x