Abstract
This paper describes the hydrochemical characteristics and ion exchange process in the groundwater of a semiarid climatic condition river basin located at Himalayan foothill, northwest India. Chemical testing results on pH, EC, TDS, hardness, major cations and anions revealed that the groundwater quality is suitable for potable use. High concentrations of Ca2+, SO4 2− and Cl− are observed in the alluvial plain, while low SO4 2− and Cl− concentrations are confined to the piedmont zone. Low and high concentrations of HCO3 − are distributed in the alluvial plain and in the piedmont zone, respectively. Aquifer panel diagram revealed that piedmont zone is dominated by gravelly sand layers, while alluvial plain is dominated by fine and medium sand layers. The scatter diagrams of (SO4 2− + HCO3 −) versus (Ca2+ + Mg2+) and Cl− versus Na+ show predominance of the ion exchange process. The scatter plot of (Ca2+ + Mg2+) versus total cations (TZ+) indicates that Ca2+ and Mg2+ are resulted from the weathering of silicate minerals. Stiff diagrams suggest that the alluvial plain has more concentration of ions than the piedmont area, suggesting longer evolutionary period of groundwater in the alluvial plain than in the piedmont area. Groundwater in the alluvial plain is characterized by Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3 −, Na2+–Ca2+–HCO3 − and Na2+–HCO3 − water types, while it is characterized by Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3 − type in the piedmont area. The result of correlation matrices of groundwater suggests that the variations of ion relations are due to the impact of lithological and groundwater level variations in the alluvial plain and in the piedmont area.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
APHA (2005) Standard methods for examination of water and waste water, centennial edition, 21st Har/Cdr edn. Washington, DC
Apodaca LE, Jeffrey BB, Michelle CS (2002) Water quality in shallow alluvial aquifers, Upper Colarado River Basin, Colorado. J Am Water Resour Assoc 38:133–143
Balasubramanian A, Sharma KK, Sastri JCV (1985) Geoelectrical and hydrogeochemical evaluation of coastal aquifer of Tambraparni basin, Tamil Nadu. Geophys Res Bull 23:203–209
Bartarya SK (1993) Hydrochemistry and rock weathering in a subtropical lesser Himalayan river basin in Kumaun, India. J Hydrol 146:149–174
Berner-Kay E, Berner RA (1987) The global water cycle, geochemistry and environment. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, p 396
Burrard S (1915) On the origin of the Indo-Gangetic trough, commonly called the Himalayan foredeep. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, containing papers of a mathematical and physical character, vol 91, no 628, pp 220–238
Das BK, Kaur P (2001) Major ion chemistry of Renuka lake and weathering processes, Sirmaur district, Himachal Pradesh, India. Environ Geol 40:908–917
Domenico PA (1972) Concepts and models in groundwater hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York
Edmond JM, Palwer MR, Measures CF, Grant B, Stallard RF (1995) The fluvial geochemistry and denudation rate of the Guayana Shield in Venezuela. Geochim Coscochim Acta 59:3301–3323
Fetter CW (2001) Applied hydrogeology, 4th edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, p 376
Freeze RA, Cherry JA (1979) Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, p 604
Fritz SJ (1994) A survey of charge balance-errors of published analysis of potable ground and surface waters. Ground Water 23:354–360
Garrels RM, Mackenzie FT (1971) Evolution of sedimentary rocks. WW Norton, New York
Guler C, Thyne GD (2004) Hydrologic and geologic factors controlling surface and groundwater chemistry in Indian Wells-Owens Valley area, southeastern California, USA. J Hydrol 285:177–198
Guler C, Thyne G, McCray JE, Turner AK (2002) Evaluation of graphical and multivariate statistical methods for classification of water chemistry data. Hydrogeol J 10:455–474
Huh Y, Tsoi MY, Zaitiser A, Edward JN (1998) The fluvial geochemistry of the river of Eastern Siberia. I. Tributaries of Lena River draining the sedimentation platform of the Siberia Craton. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:1657–1676
Jacks G (1973) Chemistry of groundwater in a district in Southern India. J Hydrol 18:185–200
Krumbein WC, Graybill FA (1965) An introduction to statistical models in geology. McGraw-Hill, New York
Kshetrimayum KS, Bajpai VN (2011) Establishment of missing stream link between the Markanda river and the vedic Saraswati river in Haryana, India—geoelectrical resistivity approach. Curr Sci 100:1719–1724
Kumar S, Parkash B, Manchanda ML, Singhvi AK, Srivastava P (1996) Holocene landform and soil evolution of the Western Gangetic Plains: implications of neotectonics and climate. Z Geom 103:283–312
Kumar S, Ghosh SK, Sangode SJ (1999) Evolution of a Neogene fluvial system in a Himalayan foreland basin, India. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 283:239–256
Kumar S, Wesnousky SG, Ragona D, Thakur VC, Seitz GG (2001) Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan Frontal Thrust, India. Science 294:2328–2331
Kumar M, Ramanathan AL, Rao MS, Kumar B (2006) Identification and evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater environment of Delhi, India. Environ Geol 50:1025–1039
Maitra MK, Ghose NC (2008) Groundwater management: an application. APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, p 99
Martinez DE, Bocanegra EM (2002) Hydro geochemistry and cation exchange processes in the coastal aquifers of Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Hydrogeol J 10:393–408
Matthess G (1982) The properties of groundwater. Wiley, New York, p 498
Nakata T (1972) Geomorphic history and crustal movement of the foothills of Himalaya. Science Reports, Tohoku University, 7th Series 1, pp 39–177
Nakata T (1989) Active faults of the Himalaya of India and Nepal. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 232:243–264
Philip G, Sah MP, Virdi NS (2006) Morpho-structural Signatures of Active Tectonics in Parts of Kangra Valley, NW Himalaya, India. Himal Geol 27(1):15–30
Prakash B, Sharma RP, Roy AK (1980) The Siwalik Group (molasse) sediments shed by collision of continental plates. Sediment Geol 25:127–159
Singh KK, Bajpai VN (2012) Hydrogeomorphic classification and aquifer disposition in the Markanda river basin, Northwestern India—hydrogeological approach. J Geol Soc Ind 79:391–403
Stallard RF, Edmond JM (1983) Geochemistry of Amazon, the influence of geology and weathering environment on the dissolved load. J Geophys Res 88:9671–9688
Stiff HAJR (1951) The interpretation of chemical water analysis by means of patterns. J Pet Technol 3:15–17
Suk H, Lee KK (1999) Characterization of a ground water hydrochemical system through multivariate analysis: clustering into ground water zones. Ground Water 37:358–366
Toth J (1984) The role of regional gravity flow in the chemical and thermal evolution of groundwater. In: Proceedings of the first Canadian/American conference on hydrogeology, Banff, Alta
Valdiya KS (1992) The main boundary thrust zone of Himalaya, India. Ann Tecton 6:54–84
Wallick EI, Toth J (1976) Methods of regional groundwater flow analysis with suggestions for the use of environmental isotope and hydrochemical data in groundwater hydrology. IAEA, Vienna, pp 37–64
Acknowledgments
The author is grateful to Union Grant Commissions for providing grant to carry out this study. The gratitude is extended to Prof. M.K. Pandit, Director, Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies for Mountain and Hill Environment (CISMHE), University of Delhi for chemical analytical facilities at the centre. The author extends his gratitude to one anonymous reviewer for his valuable suggestions to improve the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kshetrimayum, K.S. Hydrochemical evaluation of shallow groundwater aquifers: a case study from a semiarid Himalayan foothill river basin, northwest India. Environ Earth Sci 74, 7187–7200 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4697-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4697-8