Abstract
Aim
The aim of this study was to observe the variation in the course of frontotemporal and marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve in Indian cadavers, by using fixed anatomical landmarks.
Materials and Method
A total of 30 hemi faces of 15 embalmed formalin-preserved cadavers were aged between 18 and 70 years, and dissection was carried to expose parotid and submandibular gland. Fronto-temporal and marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve were identified within the parotid gland. Retrograde dissection and identification of the fronto-temporal branch and marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve were done to measure the distance, and anatomical landmarks were given.
Results
We found that mean distance between temporal branch of facial nerve and root of the zygomatic arch was 25.4 ± 4.6 mm. Mean distance from the lateral canthus to the temporal nerve was 21.1 ± 4.0 mm. Mean distance from the lateral canthus to the temporal nerve, superiorly was 17.7 ± 4.2 mm. Marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve runs with the mean distance of 6.3 ± 1.7 mm inferiorly from anatomical angle. Mean distance from the antegonial notch to the marginal mandibular nerve was 6.1 ± 1.6 mm. Mean distance from the lower border of the mandible at the level of mental foramen was 1.1 ± 6.3 mm.
Conclusion
Course and variations of the facial nerve in relation to fixed anatomical landmarks can guide the surgeon to avoid facial nerve injuries and further postoperative complications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Davis JC, Agur AMR (2013) Anatomic landmarks for localization of the branches of the facial nerve. OA Anat 1:1–9
Saha S, Pal S, Sengupta M, Chowdhury K, Saha VP, Mondal L (2013) Identification of facial nerve during parotidectomy: a combined anatomical & surgical study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 66(1):63–68
Woltmann M, Faveri RD (2006) Anatomosurgical study of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve for submandibular surgical approach. Braz Dent J 17:71–74
Swendseid B, Li S Thuener J, Rezaee R, Lavertu P, Fowler N, Zender C (2017) Incidence of facial nerve sacrifice in parotidectomy for primary and metastatic malignancies. Oral Oncol 73:43–47
O’Brien CJ (2003) Current management of benign parotid tumors—the role of limited superficial parotidectomy. Head Neck 25(11):946–952
Wildan T, Nasser N (2016) Aberrant temporal branch of facial nerve. Br J Oral and Maxillofac Surg 54(10):e61–e63
Correia Pde C, Zani R (1973) Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve, as related to ancillary operations in rhytidoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 52:549–552
Alkayat A, Bramley P (1979) A modified pre-auricular approach to the temporomandibular joint and malar arch. Br J Oral Surg 17:91–103
Schmidt BL, Pogrel MA (2001) The course of the temporal branch of the facial nerve in the periorbital region. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 59:178–184
Rossell-Perry P (2016) The marginal branch triangle: anatomic reference for its location and preservation during cosmetic surgery. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 69(3):387–394
Khanfour AA, Metwally M (2014) Marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve- an anatomical study. Alex J Med 50(2):131–138
Singh AP, Mahajan A, Karunesh GK (2010) Marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve: an anatomical study. Indian J Plast Surg 43(1):60–64
Batra APS, Mahajan A, Gupta K (2010) Marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve-an anatomical study. Indian J Plast Surg 43:60–64
Charles R, Rodney S, Rob Charles (1983) Operative surgery. Butterworths, London. p. 524–5.
Barron JN, Saad MN, (1980) eds. Manual of operative plastic and reconstructive surgery. Edinburgh. Churchill Livingstone, United Kingdom. vol. 1, p. 437
Stark RB (1987) Secondary surgery of the lips. Plastic Surgery of the Head and Neck. Churchill Livingstone, New York. p. 810–22, Vol. 2
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Verma, S., Chillal, M., Menon, S. et al. An Observational Study for Localization of Temporal and Marginal Mandibular Branch of Facial Nerve in Indian Cadavers. J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-021-01550-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-021-01550-z