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Cross-layer energy model for beacon-enabled 802.15.4 networks

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Abstract

A transmitted frame in a wireless sensor network (WSN) may get corrupted due to erroneous bits in the frame, an event characterized at the physical (PHY) layer. The frame may also get dropped at medium access control (MAC) layer due to collision with other frames. As energy is wasted due to both, a combined cross-layer (PHY + MAC) model is needed for evaluating the energy for every successful transmission at frame/bit level. The model would also help in assessing how green a technique is, which might be proposed for PHY/ MAC layer of any WSN, by computing the improvement in energy efficiency. In this paper, we present a cross-layer energy model for communication in beacon-enabled 802.15.4 networks operating in star topology. IEEE 802.15.4 is the worldwide accepted WSN standard. Further, for status monitoring and event detection, which are the most common low data rate WSN applications, sensor nodes form a star topology where a central node sends periodic beacons to access data from all other nodes. Our model includes energy consumption for both source and destination node during the actual frame transmission as well as during the operations that precede frame transmission such as backoff and clear channel assessment (CCA). A two dimensional Markov model has been adopted for the purpose and parameters like average number of backoffs and average number of CCAs have been computed. Finally, the energy consumption per successful bit transmission is found by combining the collision probability in MAC layer and error probability in PHY layer. The results revealed that while the number of nodes in a WSN does not affect the energy consumption much, the frame length has a huge influence. Also, energy consumption rises considerably when acknowledgement is opted for.

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Notes

  1. When the node is operating under battery life extension mode, BE is set as, \(\mathrm {BE}=\min (2,{\textit{macMinBE}}).\)

Abbreviations

L :

Frame length in slots

\(L_B\) :

Beacon frame length

\(L_d\) :

Total number of bits in the transmitted data frame

\(L_{CCA}\) :

Length of one CCA

\(P_{act}\) :

Active mode power

\(P_{er,PHY}\) :

PHY layer frame error probability

\(P_{col}\) :

MAC layer collision probability

\(P_{PA}\) :

Power amplifier power

\(P_{TX}\) :

Transmitter power

\(P_{RX}\) :

Receiver power

\(P_{ta}\) :

Turnaround power

\(P_{id}\) :

Power consumption in the idle state

\(\tau\) :

Carrier sensing probability

\({\tau }_s\) :

Simulated carrier sensing probability

\(\alpha\) :

1st CCA busy channel probability

\({\alpha }_{data}\) :

1st CCA busy channel probability due to data frame

\({\alpha }_{ack}\) :

1st CCA busy channel probability due to ACK frame

\({\alpha }_s\) :

Simulated 1st CCA busy probability

\({\beta }_s\) :

Simulated 2nd CCA busy probability

\(\beta\) :

2nd CCA busy channel probability

\({\beta }_{data}\) :

2nd CCA busy channel probability due to data frame

\({\beta }_{ack}\) :

2nd CCA busy channel probability due to ACK frame

\(P_{suc}\) :

Probability of successful transmission of a frame

\(T_{trans}\) :

Total number of nodes which attempt transmission

\(CCA1_c\) :

Total number of nodes which get 1st CCA clear

\(CCA1_b\) :

Total number of nodes which get 1st CCA busy

\(CCA2_b\) :

Total number of nodes which get 2nd CCA busy

\(T_x\) :

Total number of nodes which is successful in frame transmission

n :

Total number of transmitting nodes

t :

Total simulation time

\({{BO}_s}(t)\) :

Back-off stage

\({{BO}_c}(t)\) :

Back-off counter

m :

macMaxCSMABackoff

\(N_r\) :

Average number of retransmissions

\(N_{bo}\) :

Average number of back-off periods

\(N_{CCA}\) :

Average number of CCAs

\(t_{tr}\) :

Transition time from sleep to active mode

\(t_{act}\) :

Active mode time duration

\(T_{B}\) :

Beacon frame length duration

\(T_{BO}\) :

aUnitBackoffPeriod

\(T_{CCA_{a}}\) :

Duration of one CCA

\(T_{CCA_{i}}\) :

Duration of idle state after each CCA

\(T_{CCA}\) :

Total duration of two CCAs

\(T_{FS}\) :

Active mode time for transmitting a frame

\(T_{FD}\) :

Active mode time for receiving a frame

\(T_s\) :

Bit duration

\(T_{Ls}\) :

Beacon listening time

\(T_{ACKwait}\) :

ACK wait duration before declaring a transmission failure

\(T_{ta}\) :

Turnaround energy

\(E_{tr}\) :

Transition energy

\(E_{as}\) :

Reinstate energy for active to sleep mode

\(E_{ai}\) :

Reinstate energy for active to idle mode

\(E_B\) :

Beacon energy

\(E_{B_t}\) :

Beacon transmission energy for the PAN coordinator

\(E_{B_r}\) :

Beacon listening energy for the source node

\(E_{BO}\) :

Back-off energy

\(E_{CCA}\) :

CCA energy

\(E_{CCA_t}\) :

Total CCA energy after each back-off

\(E_F\) :

Frame transmission energy

\(E_{suc}\) :

Energy consumption per successful bit transmission

\(E_{ta}\) :

Turnaround energy

\(E_{FS}\) :

Frame transmission energy for the source node during frame transmission

\(E_{FD}\) :

Frame transmission energy for PAN coordinator during frame reception

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, WB, 713209, India

    S. Biswas, S. D. Roy & A. Chandra

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  1. S. Biswas
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  2. S. D. Roy
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  3. A. Chandra
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Correspondence to A. Chandra.

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Biswas, S., Roy, S.D. & Chandra, A. Cross-layer energy model for beacon-enabled 802.15.4 networks. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 10, 4209–4224 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-018-0923-z

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