Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chemical, Fermentative, Nutritive and Anti-nutritive Composition of Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Plant and Silage

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Waste and Biomass Valorization Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Common reed (Phragmites australis) is growing naturally in wetlands and is not adequately evaluated. The aim of the study was to determine the fermentative, nutritive, and anti-nutritive composition of the common reed and silage. The plant was cut from the reed area is ensiled in 1.5 L anaerobic jars with 10 replicates. The crude protein content of the plant was 14.44%, and 14.47% respectively in raw and silage. The crude ash was 9.46% in raw, 9.12% in its silage. The neutral and acid detergent fibers were 66.91% and 42.93% in raw, 65.45%, and 43.20% in the silage respectively. The pH value was 7.37 in raw and 4.32 in its silage. The organic matter digestibility was 61.99% in raw and 62.10% of its silage. The metabolic energy and net energy lactation values were 8.32 and 4.48 MJ/kg DM in raw, 8.25 and 4.35 MJ/kg DM in silage. The digestible dry matter, dry matter intake, and relative feed value contents were 55.44%, 1.82%, and 78.20 in raw; 51.32%, 1.83%, and 72.81 in the silage respectively. The in vitro methane production was decreased in silage compared the raw material. The silage Fleig point was in "very good" class. The lactic, acetic propionic and butyric acids in silage were 76.49, 21.91, 11.00, and 3.99 g/kg DM, respectively. The calcium and phosphorus contents were 9.22–9.13 g/kg, and 3.36–3.40 g/kg, in raw and silage respectively. The plant fatty acid composition has more than 50% unsaturated fatty acids. The lysine and methionine concentrations were determined as 5.01–5.09 and 0.40–0.42 g/kg DM, respectively. As a result, it has been determined that Phragmites australis can be used as roughage feed for animals and can be ensiling.

Graphical Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The datasets applied during the current study are available on reasonable request.

References

  1. Scragg, A.H.: Biofuels: production application and development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2009)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Lewandowski, I., Scurlock, J.M., Lindvall, E., Christou, M.: The development and current status of perennial rhizomatous grasses as energy crops in the US and Europe. Biomass Bioener. 25(4), 335–361 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Hidalgo, M., Fernandez, J.: Biomass production of ten populations of Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) under the environmental conditions of Madrid (Spain). Biomass for Energy and Industry: Proceeding book. (2000)

  4. Öztürk, H.H.: Enerji Bitkileri ve Biyoyakıt Üretimi. Hasad Yayıncılık Ltd Şti, İstanbul (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Williams, C.M.J., Biswas, T.K., Márton, L., Czakó, M.: Arundo donax. Singh BP (ed), Biofuels Crops: Production, Physiology and Genetics. USA/Georgia. (2013)

  6. Kering, M.K., Butler, T.J., Biermacher, J.T., Guretzky, J.A.: Biomass yield and nutrient removal rates of perennial grasses under nitrogen fertilization. Bioen. Res. 5, 61–70 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Williams, C.M.J., Biswas, T.K., Glatz, P., Kumar, M.: Use of recycled water from intensive primary industries to grow crops within integrated biosystems. Agricul. Sci. 21, 34–36 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Thornton, P.K.: Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects. Philos. Trans. 365, 2853–2867 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Baran, M., Váradyová, Z., Kráčmár, S., Hedvábný, J.: The common reed (Phragmites australis) as a source of roughage in ruminant nutrition. Acta Vet. Brno 71(4), 445–449 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kadi, S.A., Ouendi, M., Bannelier, C., Berchiche, M., Gidenne, T.: Nutritive value of sun-dried common reed (Phragmites australis) leaves and its effect on performance and carcass characteristics of the growing rabbit. World Rabbit Sci. 26(2), 113–121 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Tanaka, T.S., Irbis, C., Kumagai, H., Inamura, T.: Timing of harvest of Phragmites australis (CAV.) Trin. ex Steudel affects subsequent canopy structure and nutritive value of roughage in subtropical highland. J. Environ. Manage. 166, 420–428 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Büyükkiliç Beyzi, S., Sirakaya, S.: Determination of feed value of common reed (Phragmites australis) in different sowing periods. KSÜ Tarim ve Doga Derg. 22(3), 487–491 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Guo, W.Y., Lambertini, C., Li, X.Z., Meyerson, L.A., Brix, H.: Invasion of old world Phragmites australis in the new world: precipitation and temperature patterns combined with human influences redesign the invasive niche. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 3406–3422 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Iranmanesh, Y.: Study of some additives effect on chemical composition and nutritive value of Phragmites australis forage silage with in vitro gas production method. J. Novel Appl. Sci 2014, 1089–1094 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Monllor, P., Sandoval-Castro, C.A., Ayala-Burgos, A.J., Roca, A., Romero, G., Díaz, J.R.: Preference study of four alternative silage fodders from the Mediterranean region in Murciano-Granadina goats. Small Rum. Res. 192, 106204 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. AOAC: Association of official analytical chemists. Official methods of analysis. AOAC, Washington, DC (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., Lewis, B.A.: Methods for dietary fiber, neutral-detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583–3597 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Goering, H.K., Van Soest, P.J.: Forage fiber analysis (apparatus, reagents, procedures and some applications). Agricultural Hand-Book, Washington DC (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Polan, C.E., Stieve, D.E., Garrett, J.L.: Protein preservation and ruminal degradation of ensiled forage treated with heat, formic acid, ammonia, or microbial inoculant. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 765–776 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B.: Systems of Analyses for Evaluation of Fibrous Feed. In W.J. Pigden, C. C. Balch and M. Grahm (Eds). Proc. Int. Workshop on Standartization of Analytical Methodology for Feeds. Int. Dev. Res. Center, Ottowa. (1979)

  21. Gross, F., Riebe, K.: Gärfutter. Verlag Augen Ulmar, Stuttgart (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dubois, M., Giles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebes, P.A., Smith, F.: Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem. 28, 350–356 (1956)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Barker, S.B., Summerson, W.H.: The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biological material. J. Biol. Chem. 138, 535–554 (1941)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Menke, K.H., Steingass, H.: Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Res. Develop. 28, 7–55 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Menke, K.H., Raab, L., Salewski, A., Steingass, H., Fritz, D., Schneider, W.: The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J. Agric. Sci. 93, 217–222 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Blummel, M., Ørskov, E.R.: Comparison of in vitro gas production and nylon bag degradability of roughages in predicting feed intake in cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 40, 109–119 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Van Dyke, N.J., Anderson, P.M.: Interpreting a forage analysis. Alabama cooperative extension. Circular ANR-890. 2000, 8 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Nickel, J., Spanier, P.L., Botelho, F.M., Gularte, M.A., Helbig, E.: Effect of different types of processing on the total phenolic compound content, antioxidant capacity, and saponin content of Chenopodium quinoa Willd grains. Food Chem. 209, 139–143 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Djilani, A., Legseir, B., Soulimani, R., Dickob, A., Younos, C.: New extraction technique for alkaloids. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 17(3), 518–520 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Mertens, D: AOAC official method 975.03. Metal in plants and pet foods. Official methods of analysis. Horwitz, W, G.W. Latimer, (Eds). AOAC-international suite, Gaitherburg (2005)

  31. Fritsche, J., Steinhart, H.: Amounts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in German foods and evaluation of daily intake. Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und-Forschung A 206(2), 77–82 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Aristoy, M.C., Toldra, F.: Deproteinization techniques for HPLC amino acid analysis in fresh pork muscle and dry-curedham. J. Agri. Food Chem. 39, 1792–1795 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Antoine, F.R., Wei, C.I., Littell, R.C., Marshall, M.R.: HPLC method for analysis of free amino acids in fish using o-phthaldialdehyde precolumn derivatization. J. Agri Food Chem. 47, 5100–5107 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Ball, D.M., Collins, M., Lacefield, G.D., Maitin, N.P., Mertens, D.A., Olson, K.E., Putnam, D.H., Undersander, D.J., Wolf, M.W.: Understanding forage quality. American Farm Bureau Federation Publication, Park Ridge (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Asano, K., Ishikawa, T., Araie, A., Ishida, M.: Improving quality of common reed (Phragmites communis Trin) silage with additives. Asian-Austral. J. Anim. Sci. 31(11), 1747 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Asano, K., Ishikawa, T., Ishida, M.: Digestibility of common reed (Pharagmites communis Trin) silage as ruminant feed and effects of inclusion levels in the diet of breeding cows on feed intake, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites. Animal Sci J 88(12), 1955–1962 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Katongole, C.B., Lumu, R., Lindberg, J.E.: Comparative chemical composition and rumen degradation of common reed and elephant grass in urban/peri-urban dairying systems in Uganda. Agroecol. Sustain. Food Syst. 45(6), 892–906 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Kung, Jr.L.: Understanding the biology of silage preservation to maximize quality and protect the environment. In Proceedings, 2010 California Alfalfa & Forage Symposium and Corn/Cereal Silage Conference, pp. 1–2. (2010)

  39. Kipriotis, E.: Fibre crops as a source for animal feeding. Ministry of rural development and food, Greece (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Maertens, L., Pérez, J.M., Villamide, M., Cervera, C., Gidenne, T., Xiccato, G.: Nutritive value of raw materials for rabbits: EGRAN tables 2002. World Rabbit Sci. 10, 157–166 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  41. El-Talty, Y.I., Abdel-Gwad, M.H., Mahmoud, A.E.M.: Effect of common reed (Phragmites australis) silage on performance of growing lambs. Asian J. Anim. Sci. 9, 1–12 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. NRC: Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. National Research Council, Washington (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lopez, S., Makkar, H.P.S., Soliva, C.R.: Screening plants and plant products for methane inhibitors. In: Vercoe, P.E., Makkar, H.P.S., Schlink, A. (eds.) In vitro screening of plant resources for extra nutritional attributes in ruminants: Nuclear and related methodologies. Springer, New York (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Smith, L.H.: Theoretical carbohydrate requirement for alfalfa silage production. Agron. J. 54, 291–293 (1962)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Gordon, G.H., Derbyshire, J.C., Wiseman, H.G., Jacobson, W.C.: Variations in initial composition of orchardgrass as related to silage composition and feeding value. J. Dairy Sci. 46, 987–992 (1964)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. McDonald, P., Whittenbury, R.: The silage process. In: Butler, G.W., Bailey, R.W. (eds.) The chemistry and biochemistry of herbage. Academic Press, London (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Mauriès, M.: La luzerne aujourd’hui. France Agricole, Paris (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Đukić, D., Stevović, V., Đurović, D., Ilić, O., Jerkov, M.: Yield, nutritional and medicinal properties of alfalfa. Acta Agri. Serb. 13(26), 85–95 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study was supported by Scientific Research Projects Department of Erciyes University (with the project number: FBA-2018–7806).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey

    S. Büyükkılıç Beyzi, İ. Ülger & Y. Konca

Authors
  1. S. Büyükkılıç Beyzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. İ. Ülger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Y. Konca
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization by SBB; methodology by SBB, IU; investigation and validation by IU, SBB; Writing original draft, review editing by YK, IU and SBB.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Büyükkılıç Beyzi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interest for the publication of this article.

Ethical Approval

No need.

Informed Consent

All authors agree to participate in the current work.

Consent for Publication

All authors agree to publish the findings of the current research.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Beyzi, S.B., Ülger, İ. & Konca, Y. Chemical, Fermentative, Nutritive and Anti-nutritive Composition of Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Plant and Silage. Waste Biomass Valor 14, 927–936 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01903-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01903-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation