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State of Scale-Up Development in Chemical Looping Technology for Biomass Conversions: A Review and Perspectives

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Abstract

The chemical looping technology is an emerging technology for the efficient conversion of biomass to heat, power, fuel, and value-added chemicals. Chemical looping uses a metal oxide oxygen carrier to fully or partially oxidize the biomass feedstock, which avoids N2 dilution to the CO2 or syngas product. Thus, chemical looping technology can convert biomass to sequestration-ready CO2 or high purity syngas, which leads to the potential for negative carbon emission and enhanced energy efficiency in biomass conversions. Various chemical looping processes for biomass conversions, using different oxygen carrier materials and reactor designs, have been studied ranging from lab scale to pilot scale. This article reviews the current state of development in the scale-up of chemical looping technology for biomass conversions. It also provides perspectives on the chemical looping technology of relevance to various biomass conversion issues including CO2 capture, utilization and sequestration, biomass feedstock collection, handling and conversion enhancement, choice of reaction schemes, fuel and air reactor designs and operation, operational load variation, fate of pollutants and effect of ashes. Representative process configurations, reactor designs, oxygen carrier material selections, and the testing results are described along with the technology challenges, their potential solutions, and future research needs.

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Abbreviations

AR:

Air reactor

ASU:

Air separation unit

CCUS:

Carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration

CFB:

Circulating fluidized bed

CLC:

Chemical looping combustion

CLG:

Chemical looping gasification

CLOU:

Chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling

CLR:

Chemical looping reforming

FR:

Fuel reactor

GHG:

Green-house gas

iG-CLC:

In-situ gasification CLC

kW:

Kilowatt

MW:

Megawatt

SR:

Steam reactor

\({X}_{C}\) :

FR carbon conversion

\({x}_{SG}\) :

Syngas purity

\({X}_{O}\) :

Oxygen carrier conversion

\({Y}_{{\rm H}_{2}}, {Y}_{\rm CO}, {Y}_{SG}\) :

H2/CO/synthesis gas yield

\({\eta }_{CC}\) :

Carbon capture efficiency

\({\eta }_{SF}\) :

Solid fuel conversion, carbon conversion efficiency

\({\eta }_{C,FR}\) :

Fuel gasification portion

\({\eta }_{C,AR}\) :

Fuel combustion portion

\({\eta }_{OO}\) :

Oxide oxygen efficiency

\({\eta }_{gas}\) :

Gas conversion

\({\eta }_{comb,O}\) :

FR combustion efficiency (oxygen based)

\({\eta }_{fuel}\) :

Degree of fuel oxidation

\({\eta }_{comb,HV}\) :

FR combustion efficiency (heating value based)

\({\eta }_{{\rm CO}_{2}}\) :

CO2 yield, CO2 conversion efficiency

\({\eta }_{CG}\) :

Cold gas efficiency

\(\Phi\) :

Oxygen carrier to fuel ratio

\(\lambda\) :

Air excess ratio

\({\Omega }_{T}\) :

Total oxygen demand

\({\Omega }_{OD}\) :

FR oxygen demand

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Acknowledgements

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  1. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    Dikai Xu, Andrew Tong & Liang-Shih Fan

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  1. Dikai Xu
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Dikai Xu performed the literature search, data analysis, and drafted the manuscript. Andrew Tong and Liang-Shih Fan critically revised the work.

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Correspondence to Liang-Shih Fan.

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Xu, D., Tong, A. & Fan, LS. State of Scale-Up Development in Chemical Looping Technology for Biomass Conversions: A Review and Perspectives. Waste Biomass Valor 13, 1363–1383 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01563-2

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