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Obtaining Hydroxytyrosol from Olive Mill Waste Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Then Supercritical CO2

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Abstract

The main objective of this study was to recover hydroxytyrosol from olive mill waste (olive leaves and a semi-solid waste with a 65–75% of humidity called alperujo). The recovery process involved solid–liquid extractions using two hydrophilic deep eutectic solvents (DESs), CIS-DES (a 1:1 mixture of choline chloride and citric acid) and Etagline (a 1:2 mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol). The results achieved using this non-conventional process was compared with the results achieved using conventional solid–liquid extraction processes using ethanol, methanol, and water. The extraction ratio (R) achieved using Etagline DES was 11.4 times higher than the R achieved using methanol. The hydroxytyrosol extraction efficiencies were higher when using the selected DESs than using methanol, under the same working conditions. On the other hand, with the use of DES it is possible to obtain similar extraction efficiencies to those obtained with organic solvents, but using 75% less extraction phase, when DESs were used instead of methanol. The DES extraction processes gave high re-extraction capacities when supercritical CO2 was used as a stripping phase. The highest pure hydroxytyrosol extraction efficiency, 80%, was achieved using Etagline and supercritical CO2 re-extraction at a pressure and temperature close to the critical values. The results suggest that DES is an efficient, safe, and sustainable alternative to methanol for extracting bioactive compounds from olive mill waste and that DES extraction combined with supercritical CO2 extraction can be classed as a green process.

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Fig. 1

Adapted from Férnandez-Mar et al. [34]

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Abbreviations

HT:

Hydroxytyrosol

T:

Tyrosol

OI:

Oleuropeine

OMW:

Olive mill waste

OL:

Olive leaves

DESs:

Deep Eutectic Solvents

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

EtOH:

Ethanol

MetOH:

Methanol

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

R:

Extraction ratio

SCE:

Supercritical fluid extraction

GAE:

Gallic acid equivalent

w/w:

Refer to mass fraction

v/v:

Referred to volume/volume percent

DW:

Dry waste

S/L:

Solid/liquid extraction process

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Acknowledgements

This study was performed as part of the research projects FONDECYT de Iniciación 11150255 and Project POSTDOC_DICYT, Código 0217111RF, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Usach.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule R0912001, Casilla 1007, Talca, Chile

    Andrea Plaza, Ximena Tapia, Camila Yañez & Oscar Candia

  2. Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Santiago de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Chile

    Fernanda Vilches, René Cabezas & Julio Romero

  3. Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 5 Poniente 1670, Talca, Chile

    Andrea Plaza & Oscar Candia

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  1. Andrea Plaza
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  2. Ximena Tapia
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  3. Camila Yañez
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Correspondence to Andrea Plaza.

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Plaza, A., Tapia, X., Yañez, C. et al. Obtaining Hydroxytyrosol from Olive Mill Waste Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Then Supercritical CO2. Waste Biomass Valor 11, 6273–6284 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00836-1

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