Abstract
A kind of mesoporous Al–Mo mixed oxides as solid acid catalysts was designed and prepared through a facile and low-cost approach using stearic acid as a soft modifier, and investigated by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric, fourier transform infrared spectra, N2 adsorption–desorption, ammonia temperature programmed desorption and scanning electron microscopy. By using this catalyst, an environmentally benign process for esterification of free-fatty acids in non-edible Euphorbia lathyris crude oil with methanol was developed. It was shown that the activity of the catalysts for the esterification reaction is closely related to their mesoporous structures, surface area and acid properties. The Al–Mo solid acid catalyst exhibited an optimal esterification performance with 80.9% esterification efficiency under the optimum synthesis conditions. Moreover, the conversion remained over 73.2% after the catalyst being used for three times. These results showed that the catalysts have promising viability in esterification for biodiesel production in industry.
Graphical Abstract
Mesoporous Al–Mo oxides catalysts were prepared via a facile and low-cost modified approach and exhibited excellent catalytic activity and reusability in esterification reaction of high value acid non-edible oil and methanol. This material has great potential in the future production of biofuels used as the solid acid catalyst.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zhao, W. F., Yang, T. T., Li, H., Lu, Y. M., He, J., Liu, Y. X., Yang, S.: Waste Biomass Valoriz. 34, 1–8 (2016)
Lee, A. F., Bennett, J. A., Manayil, J. C., Wilson, K.: Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 7887–7916 (2014)
Zhang, J.Y., Hou, B.L., Wang, X.F., Li, Z.L., Wang, A.Q., Zhang, T.: J. Energy Chem. 24, 9–14 (2015)
Jiao, J., Gai, Q. Y., Wei, F. Y., Luo, M., Wang, W., Fu, Y. J., Zu, Y. G.: Bioresource Technol. 143, 653–656 (2013)
Meloni, D., Perra, D., Monaci, R., Cutrufello, M. G., Rombi, E., Ferino, I.: Appl. Catal. B. 184, 163–173 (2016)
Takase, M., Min, Z., Feng, W., Yao, C., Zhao, T., Cobbina Samuel, J., Yang, L. Q., Wu, X. Y.: Energy Convers. Manag. 80, 117–125 (2014)
Chakraborty, M., Baruah, D. C.: Energy 60, 159–167 (2013)
Kingsolver, B. E.: Biomass 2, 281–298 (1982)
Zhang, Q. Y., Li, H., Qin, W. T., Liu, X. F., Zhang, Y. P., Xue, W., Yang, S.: China Pet. Process. Pe. 15, 19–24 (2013)
Tagusagawa, C., Takagaki, A., Hayashi, S., Domen, K.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 7230–7231 (2008)
Singh, S., Patel, A.: Fuel 159, 720–727 (2015)
Gao, Z., Tang, S., Cui, X., Tian, S. J., Zhang, M. H.: Fuel 140, 669–676 (2015)
Xie, W. L., Wang, H. Y., Li, H.: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51, 225–231 (2012)
Xie, W. L., Yang, D.: Bioresource Technol. 119, 60–65 (2012)
Xie, W. L., Yang, D.: Bioresource Technol. 102, 9818–9822 (2011)
Guldhe, A., Singh, P., Ansari, F. A., Singh, B., Bu, F.: Fuel 187, 180–188 (2017)
Nasreen, S., Liu, H., Qureshi, L. A., Sissou, Z., Lukic, I., Skala, D.: Fuel Process. Technol. 148, 76–84 (2016)
Tagusagawa, C., Takagaki, A., Iguchi, A., Takanabe, K., Kondo, J. N., Ebitani, K., Tatsumi, T., Domen, K.: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 1128–1132 (2010)
Guo, J., Zhu, S., Cen, Y., Qin, Z. F., Wang, J. G., Fan, W. B.: Appl. Catal. B. 200, 611–619 (2016)
Takenaka, S., Sato, S., Takahashi, R., Sodesawa, T.: Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5, 4968–4973 (2003)
Takenaka, S., Takahashi, R., Sato, S., Sodesawa, T., Matsumoto, F., Yoshida, S.: Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 59, 123–131 (2003)
Yin, P., Chen, W., Liu, W., Chen, H., R. j. Qu, Liu, X. G., Tang, Q. H., Xu, Q.: Bioresource Technol. 140, 146–151 (2013)
Corro, G., Bañuelos, F., Vidal, E., Cebada, S.: Fuel 115, 625–628 (2014)
Smith, S. M., Oopathum, C., Weeramongkhonlert, V., Smith, C. B., Chaveanghong, S., Ketwong, P., Boonyuen, S.: Bioresource Technol. 143, 686–690 (2013)
J. P.C. Evangelista, Chellappa, T., A. C. F. Coriolano, Fernandes, V. J. Jr., Souza, L. D., Araujo, A. S.: Fuel Process. Technol. 104, 90–95 (2012)
W. T. A. Harrison: Mater. Res. Bull. 30, 1325–1331 (1995)
Kassem, M., Inorg. Mater. 42, 165–170 (2006)
Zhang, Q. Y., Li, H., Liu, X. F., Qin, W. T., Zhang, Y. P., Xue, W., Yang, S.: Energy Technol. 1, 735–742 (2013)
Zi, F. L., Yan, J. F., Yang, P. C., Wang, X. K., Guo, H. Y., Wu, N. Z.: J. Mater. Chem. 13, 1206–1209 (2003)
Afanasiev, P., Geantet, C., Breysse, M., Coudurier, G., Vedrine, J. C.: J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 90, 193–202 (1994)
Li, H., Zhang, Q. Y., Liu, J., Liu, X. F., Chang, F., Liu, Y. C., Xue, W., Yang, S.: Biomass Conv. Bioref. 4, 59–66 (2014)
Kowzn, M., Umemoto, M., Kasuno, T., Tajika, M., Aihara, Y., Sugimoto, Y., Hidaka, J.: J. Jpn. Inst. Energy 85, 135–141 (2006)
Xie, W. L., Wang, T.: Fuel Process. Technol. 109, 150–155 (2013)
Ye, B., Li, Y. H., Qiu, F. X., Sun, C. J., Zhao, Z. Y., Ma, T., Yang, D. Y.: Korean J. Chem. Eng. 30, 1395–1402 (2013)
Pan, H., Wang, J. X., Chen, L., Su, G. H., Cui, J. M., Meng, D. W., Wu, X. L.: Catal. Commun. 35, 27–31 (2013)
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the joint science and technology funds of Guizhou S&T department, Anshun city people’s government and Anshun university (LH [2015]7694, LH [2016]7269, LH [2016]7278), the youth growth S&T personnel foundation of Guizhou education department (KY [2016]272), 2016 national innovative entrepreneurship training program for undergraduates (201510667020), the Dr Fund projects of Anshun University (No.Asxybsjj201511).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Q., Wei, F., Ma, P. et al. Mesoporous Al–Mo Oxides as an Effective and Stable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Biodiesel from the Esterification of Free-Fatty Acids in Non-edible Oils. Waste Biomass Valor 9, 911–918 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-9865-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-9865-5