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Multi-source thermal model describing multi-region structure of transverse momentum spectra of identified particles and parameter dynamics of system evolution in relativistic collisions

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Abstract

In this article, the multi-region structure of transverse momentum (\(p_{\text {T}}\)) spectra of identified particles produced in relativistic collisions is studied by the multi-component standard distribution (the Boltzmann, Fermi–Dirac, or Bose–Einstein distribution) in the framework of a multi-source thermal model. Results are interpreted in the framework of string model phenomenology in which the multi-region of \(p_{\text {T}}\) spectra corresponds to the string hadronization in the cascade process of string breaking. The contributions of the string hadronizations from the first-, second-, and third-, i.e., last-generations of string breakings mainly form high-, intermediate-, and low-\(p_{\text {T}}\) regions, respectively. From the high- to low-\(p_{\text {T}}\) regions, the extracted volume parameter increases rapidly, and temperature and flow velocity parameters decrease gradually. The multi-region of \(p_{\text {T}}\) spectra reflects the volume, temperature, and flow velocity dynamics of the system evolution. Due to the successful application of the multi-component standard distribution, this work reflects that the simple classical theory can still play a great role in the field of complex relativistic collisions.

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Acknowledgments

The work of Shanxi Group was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 12147215, the Shanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation under Grant No. 202103021224036, and the Fund for Shanxi “1331 Project" Key Subjects Construction. The work of K.K.O. was supported by the Agency of Innovative Development under the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovations of the Republic of Uzbekistan within the fundamental project No. F3-20200929146 on analysis of open data on heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Theoretical Physics, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China

    J.-Y. Chen, M.-Y. Duan & F.-H. Liu

  2. Laboratory of High Energy Physics, Physical-Technical Institute of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Chingiz Aytmatov Str. 2b, 100084, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

    K. K. Olimov

  3. Department of Natural Sciences, National University of Science and Technology MISIS (NUST MISIS), Almalyk Branch, 110105, Almalyk, Uzbekistan

    K. K. Olimov

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  1. J.-Y. Chen
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  2. M.-Y. Duan
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  4. K. K. Olimov
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Correspondence to F.-H. Liu or K. K. Olimov.

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Chen, JY., Duan, MY., Liu, FH. et al. Multi-source thermal model describing multi-region structure of transverse momentum spectra of identified particles and parameter dynamics of system evolution in relativistic collisions. Indian J Phys (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-023-03003-4

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