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Seasonal Trends and source Apportionment of Carbonaceous Aerosols in PM10 at Central Delhi, India

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Abstract

The present study shows seasonal trends and potential sources of carbonaceous contents in PM10, i.e., organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA), and secondary organic carbon (SOC) at central Delhi during January-December 2019. The annual mass abundance of PM10 exhibited large seasonal variability and varied from 42.0 to 397.2 µg/m3 (Average 182.4 ± 17.2 µg/m3). The highest mass abundance of PM10 was observed during winter (260.5 ± 24.7 µg/m3), followed by summer (200.4 ± 28.4 µg/m3), post-monsoon (190.0 ± 36.5 µg/m3), and monsoon (78.1 ± 13.7 µg/m3). Annual average mass concentrations of OC and EC were observed as 24.1 ± 2.7 and 7.9 ± 0.9 µg/m3, respectively, and their seasonal averages followed a similar trend as winter > post-monsoon > summer > monsoon. OC/EC ratio varied from 2.0 to 8.7 (Average 3.5), suggesting a wide range of contributions throughout the year arising from vehicular exhausts, wood-fuel burning, biomass burning, coal combustion, waste burning, and secondary organic aerosols. The annual average contribution of TCA to PM10 was ~ 26%, whereas the seasonal contribution was found to be the highest during winter (31%) and post-monsoon (30%) followed by, summer (28%), and monsoon (17%) respectively. The estimated concentrations of SOC were the highest during winter (12.9 ± 3.7 µg/m3), followed by post-monsoon (9.2 ± 4.6 µg/m3), summer (7.0 ± 1.7 µg/m3), and monsoon (2.3 ± 0.8 µg/m3) seasons. The highest contribution during winter and post-monsoon suggests the active role of boundary layer dynamics resulting in secondary particle formation. The study of carbon sub-fractions, along with PCA, revealed that EC1 and OC3 were the dominating fractions suggesting gasoline vehicular exhaust as the significant emission source.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are highly grateful to the Director, CSIR-NPL, New Delhi, for providing the necessary facilities to carry out this research. SS and KK are thankful to University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, for providing financial support through Senior Research Fellowship (SRF).

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  1. CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012, India

    Shweta Singh, Krishan Kumar & Monika J. Kulshrestha

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    Shweta Singh, Krishan Kumar & Monika J. Kulshrestha

  3. CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, New Delhi, 110028, India

    Papiya Mandal

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Singh, S., Kumar, K., Mandal, P. et al. Seasonal Trends and source Apportionment of Carbonaceous Aerosols in PM10 at Central Delhi, India. MAPAN 38, 959–973 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-023-00677-3

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