Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has transformed the manufacturing industries by providing numerous opportunities for rethinking and remodeling existing systems. Complex fabrication, rapid prototyping, reduced cost of pre-production tools, and customizations are the main features of this technique. Although, the proper and deep understanding of process parameters is required because it significantly influences the microstructure, mechanical properties, and dimensional accuracy of components. In this work, the design-for-metrology (DFM) approach is used to check the dimensional deviations of 316L stainless steel (SS) samples manufactured via selective laser melting (SLM) process. Laser power, scan speed, layer thickness, and hatch spacing are the chosen parameters to check their influence on fabricated parts. The geometric feature such as height, diameter, and cylindricity of samples was measured by a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The uncertainty of measurement in geometric features is evaluated by the law of propagation of uncertainty (LPU) method. The result shows that dimensional deviation is more at high energy density. Also, the dimensional deviation is not that high for selected geometric features, which shows that the SLM process has good dimensional accuracy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R. Leach, Metrology for additive manufacturing. Meas Control, 49 (2016) 132–135.
D.L. Bourell, Perspectives on additive manufacturing. Annu Rev Mater Res, 46 (2016) 1–8.
G. Dd, W. Meiners, K. Wissenbach and R. Poprawe, Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: materials, processes and mechanisms. Int Mater Rev, 57 (2012) 133–164.
O. Abdulhameed et al., Additive manufacturing: challenges, trends, and applications. Adv MechEng, 11 (2019) 1–27.
N. Shahrubudin, T.C. Lee and R. Ramlan, An overview on 3D printing technology: technological, materials, and applications. Procedia Manuf, 35 (2019) 1286–1296.
W. Gao et al., The status, challenges, and future of additive manufacturing in engineering. ComputAided Des, 69 (2015) 65–89.
S.A. Tofail et al., Additive manufacturing: scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities. Mater Today, 21 (2018) 22–37.
M.K. Niaki, S.A. Torabi and F. Nonino, Why manufacturers adopt additive manufacturing technologies: the role of sustainability. J Clean Prod, 222 (2019) 381–392.
R. Udroiu, Powder bed additive manufacturing systems and its applications. Acad J Manuf Eng, 10 (2012) 122–129.
M. Yakout, M.A. Elbestawi and S.C. Veldhuis, On the characterization of stainless steel 316L parts produced by selective laser melting. Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 95 (2018) 1953–1974.
B. Durakovic, Design for additive manufacturing: Benefits, trends and challenges. Period Eng Nat Sci, 6 (2018) 179–191.
ASTM www.astm.org/COMMIT/F42_AMStandardsStructureAndPrimer.pdf (accessed online 12 February 2021).
ISO/ASTM, ISO/ASTM 52902-Additive Manufacturing-Test artifacts-Geometric Capability Assessment of Additive Manufacturing Systems, 1st edn. ISO/ASTM (accessed online 12 February 2021).
Chua CK, Wong CH, and Yeong WY. Chapter Three-Measurement Science Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing. 2017; 57–73.
G. Ameta, R. Lipman, S. Moylan and P. Witherell, Investigating the role of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing in additive manufacturing. J Mech Des, 137 (2015) 5589.
J.Y. Dantan et al., Geometrical variations management for additive manufactured product. CIRP Annals, 66 (2017) 161–164.
I. Cristofolini, S. Filippi and C. Bandera, The role of product feature relations in a knowledge based methodology to manage design modifications for product measurability. Int. J. Prod. Res., 23 (2009) 2373–2389.
Z. Zhu, N. Anwer, Q. Huang and L. Mathieu, Machine learning in tolerancing for additive manufacturing. CIRP Annals, 67 (2018) 157–160.
I. Baturynska, Statistical analysis of dimensional accuracy in additive manufacturing considering STL model properties. Int J Adv Manuf Tech, 97 (2018) 2835–2849.
V.M. Santos et al., Design and characterisation of an additive manufacturing benchmarking artefact following a design-for-metrology approach. AdditManuf, 32 (2020) 100964.
S. Lou et al., An investigation of the mechanical filtering effect of tactile CMM in the measurement of additively manufactured parts. Measurement, 144 (2019) 173–182.
R.K. Leach et al., Geometrical metrology for metal additive manufacturing. CIRP Annals, 68 (2019) 677–700.
Rupal BS, Qureshi AJ. Geometric deviation modeling and tolerancing in additive manufacturing: A GD&T perspective. In1st Conference of NSERC Network for Holistic Innovation in Additive Manufacturing (HI-AM) 2018 (pp. 1–6).
P.I. Stavroulakis and R.K. Leach, Invited review article: review of post-process optical form metrology for industrial-grade metal additive manufactured parts. Rev Sci Instrum, 87 (2016) 041101.
T. Peng and C. Chen, Influence of energy density on energy demand and porosity of 316L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting. Int J Precis Eng Manuf-Green Technol, 5 (2018) 55–62.
G.A. Dzukey and K. Yang, Process parameter optimization for selective laser melting of 316L stainless steel material using Taguchi’s statistical design of experiment procedure. Int. J. Eng. Technol., 11 (2019) 6–13.
G. Moona, R. Sharma, D. Sharma and V.N. Ojha, Characterization of Rockwell hardness indenter Tip using image processing and optical profiler and evaluation of measurement uncertainty. Int J Metrol Qual Eng, 5 (2014) 406.
JCGM, 2008, “Evaluation of Measurement Data—Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement,” Int. Organ. Stand. Geneva ISBN, 50 (September), p. 134.
https://www.isobudgets.com/expanded-uncertainty-and-coverage-factors-for-calculating-uncertainty/student-t-table-2/ (accessed online 22 Oct 2021).
ASTM G99-95a (2000)e1 Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus.
F.R. Kaschel, M. Celikin and D.P. Dowling, Effects of laser power on geometry, microstructure and mechanical properties of printed Ti-6Al-4V parts. J Mater ProcessTechnol, 278 (2020) 116539.
G.R. Nazami and S. Sahoo, Influence of hatch spacing and laser spot overlapping on heat transfer during laser powder bed fusion of aluminum alloy. J Laser App, 32 (2020) 042007.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Pant, M., Nagdeve, L., Moona, G. et al. Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty of Additive Manufacturing Parts to Investigate the Influence of Process Variables. MAPAN 37, 765–775 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-022-00592-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-022-00592-z